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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sound info path
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Nerve to cochlear and collicular (brainstem) to (m. geniculate) thalamus to p.aud. cort. Auditory nerve to cochlear and collicular nuclei in brainstem. ° then projected to medial geniculate of thalamus and up to primary auditory cortex. ° Primary auditory cortex contains neurons coding frequency. ° Cortex neurons have tuning to specific ear
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What parts of the brain are integral to sound location detection
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brainstem ( cochlear and collicular nuclei) and thalamus (m. geniculate nucleus)
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Understand some basic mechanisms for frequency, amplitude, and location coding.
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What is the only sense that does not involve the thalamus
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Olfaction information flow
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bipolar receptors to olfactory bulb to olfactory cortex
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Taste receptor depolarized -> brainstem nucleus (gustatory nucleus) -> ventral posterior medial nucleus in thalamus -> primary gustatory cortex (insula and operculum).
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Five primary types of sensory receptors
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° Merkle’s corpuscles: regular touch. ° Meissner’s corpuscles: light touch. ° Pacinian corpuscles for deep pressure. ° Ruffini corpuscles: temperature information. ° Nociceptors: pain information
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Flow of information in somatosensation
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° Sensory receptors -> via nerves up spinal cord ° ->brainstem -> thalamus -> primary sensory cortex (note crossing of at fibers at thalamus).
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Ganglion cells in the retina
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° Ganglion cell has a small area of retina it “monitors.” ° Center-surround: light in the center of field excites neuron, in “surround”, inhibits. ° The center-surround property arises from inhibitory horizontal cells that mediate between cones. Also from summation of bipolar cells
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Flow of information from optic nerve to thalamus
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° 10 % of fibers go to brainstem nuclei for coordinating eye-movements. ° 90 % to to lateral geniculate nucleus in thalamus. ° Crossing at optic chiasm. ° Thalamic neurons have similar response to ganglion cells (e.g., center, excite, periphery, inhibit, etc).
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Optic Nerve: Visual hemifields: draw
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Slide 32 lecture 5
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Primary visual cortex
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V1 or striate cortex
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draw calcarine fissure
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Anatomical Organization of V1
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° Upper visual field = inferior to calcarine ° Lower visual field = superior to calcarine
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Fovea is most posterior representation in V1 with peripheral more anterior
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Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
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In the thalamus and primary processing center for visual info
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line recognition
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LGN cells have center-surround excitation-inhibition.
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Essentials ° Understand: ° Auditory perception, transmission of information from cochlea to auditory cortex. ° Sound localization and neural mechanisms supporting it. ° Olfaction: brain pathways from nose to cortex. ° Gustatory: primary sensory receptors and relevant brain regions. ° Somatosensation: from receptors to brain. ° Somatotopic maps.
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° Imagery and overlapping brain system for perception.
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What vs. Where Pathways: What happens after V1 and basic visual processing steps?
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CREATE AN ANSWER FOR THIS
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Two pathways after V1
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Ventral, or (occipitotemporal) pathway vs. dorsal (occipitopareital) pathway.
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What is the difference in lateralization of visual info for temp vs par. Lobes
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temporal lobe receptive fields are bilateral due to crossing of fibers via corpus collosum. Parietal lobe representations tend to be more unilateral.
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How would you lesion to abolish memory for object ID
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right V1, left infero-temporal lobe, and corpus collosum
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How would you lesion to abolish memory for object location
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right V1 and left parietal cortex
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Infero-temporal lobe neurons show selectivity to
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specific stimuli but are spatially invariant
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View-invariant or view-dependent ?
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° View-dependent: We store many different views of same object and we integrate these later in the brain. ° View-independent: we establish major and minor axes of object (Marr) based on sensory experience. ° Truth is likely a combination.
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associative agnosia
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Patients can describe visual scenes and classes of objects but still fail to recognize them. Patients suffering from associative agnosia are still able to reproduce an image through copying. Left hemishphere lesions
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apperceptive agnosia
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visual disorder that renders a person unable to recognize objects. Right hemisphere lesions
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Integrative agnosia
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This is where one has the ability to recognize elements of something but yet be unable to integrate these elements together into comprehensible perceptual wholes.
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study slide 30 in lecture 6
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Fusiform gyrus
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° Imagery and overlapping brain system for perception.
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Essentials ° Understand: ° Basic anatomical organization of motor systems. ° Hierarchical representations of action. Internal and externally guided actions. ° How neurons in motor cortex code movements. ° Interaction with sensory world and mirror neurons. ° Functional organization of motor systems: how do they all work together? ° Relevant patient studies and animal work to systems understanding. ° Disorders of movement in more detail (Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease) and functional circuitry.
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Alpha motor neurons
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neurons that cause muscles to contract.
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Electromyogram
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ways to record electrical potentials in muscles
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Agonist/antagonist effects in muscles through Inhibitory interneurons in spinal Cord.
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Organization of motor output from brain
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° Corticospinal tract: origination in cortex and contact alpha motor neurons (direct synapse). Contralateral setup, e.g., crosses at brainstem and spinal cord. ° Extra-pyamidal tracts: originate subcortically …some do NOT cross (e.g., Cerebellar).
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Motor control at the lowest levels
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Reflexes and central pattern generators
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