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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why is addiction considered a paradox?
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Because the pleasures decrease and the risks increase as it progresses. |
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What is the difference between an antagonist and an agonist?
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Agonist: mimic or increase the effects of a neurotransmitter |
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What is efficacy in biological terms?
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The tendency of a drug to active the receptor. |
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In Olds and Milner's experiment, when did the rat's self-stimulation of the brain increase?
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When electrodes were in areas that increased release of dopamine and norepinephrine in the nucleus accumbens. |
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Name 3 predispositions of addiction? |
2. Environmental influences: for example prenatal alcohol exposure 3. Behavioural Predictors: for exmaple alcoholism is more likely in people who were impulsive in childhood |
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What is antabuse?
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Makes it harder to metabolize acetaldehyde, causing a person to feel sick when drinking |
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What medications are used to treat opiate abuse? |
Methadone and LAAM are used to reduce withdrawal an avoid the "high", satisfy the craving in a less danger way |
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What percent of adults have "clinically significant" depression? |
5% |
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What abnormalities in hemisphere dominance are noted in people with depression? |
They have decreased activity in the left hemisphere and increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex.
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How do tricyclics work?
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Prevent the presynaptic neuron from reabsorbing catecholamines or serotonin after releasing them. |
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What is the most common SSRI? |
Fluoxetine (Prozac) |
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What does ECT stand for? |
Electroconvulsive therapy |
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Difference between bipolar I and bipolar II |
Bipolar II: Milder episodes, called hypomania |
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What is the most effective treatment for bipolar disorder? |
Lithium salts |
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Name the characteristics of schizophrenia |
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behaviour, weak or absent signs of emotion |
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Difference between positive and negative symptoms? |
Positive symptoms are behaviours that are present when they should not be. Negative symptoms are behaviours that are absent when they should not be. |
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5 things that present like schizophrenia? |
Substance abuse, brain damage, undetected hearing deficits, Huntington's disease, nutritional abnormalities
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What is the gene links to schizophrenia and what does it control? |
DISC1: controls the production of dendritic spines and the generation of new neurons in the hippocamus. |
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What is the neurodevelopmental hypothesis?
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Schizophrenia is caused in large part by abonrmalities to the nervous system during the prenatal or neonatal periods. |
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What is the season-of-birth effect?
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The tendency for people born in winter to have a slightly great chance of developing schizophrenia. |
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Where are the strongest brain defecits in people with schizophrenia?
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The left temporal and frontal areas of the cortex |
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What was the first drug used successfully for the treatment of schizophrenia? |
Chlorpromazine |
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Name the serious disorder caused by antipsychotic drugs? What are its symptoms?
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Tardive dyskinesia: tremors and involuntary movements |
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What are the primary characteristics of autism spectrum disorders
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Deficits in social and emotional exchange Deficits in gestures, facial expressions Stereoype behaviours like reptitive movement Resistanve to a change in routine Unusally weak or strong responses to stimuli |
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What is the most probable cause of autism? |
Mutations or microdeletions in a number of genes |
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