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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the medical model of abnormal behaviour?
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It is useful to think of abnormal behaviour as a disease
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What was Thomas Szasz's perspective on Psychological problems?
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- Psychological problems are "problems in living" vs psychological problems.
- Psychological orders depend on the culture in which they occur. - Violations of social norms are considered to be abnormal behaviours |
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Define Diagnosis:
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Distinguishing one illness from another
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Define Etiology:
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The apparent causation and developmental history of an illness
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Define Prognosis:
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Forecast about the probable course of an illness
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What are the three criteria of abnormal behaviour?
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- Deviant - violate social norms
- Maladaptive – impair everyday behaviour - Causing personal distress |
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Discuss a few common stereotypes of psychological disorders
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- Psychological disorders are incurable.
- People with psychological disorders areoften violent and dangerous. - People with psychological disorders behave in bizarre ways and are verydifferent from normal people. |
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Define Epidemiology:
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Distribution of mental or physical disorders in the population.
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Define Prevalence:
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Percent of a population that exhibits a disorder during a specified time period.
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Define lifetime prevalence:
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Percent of people who have been diagnosed with a specific disorder at anytime in their lives.
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What are a few characteristics of anxiety disorders:
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- Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.
- Often chronic - Cause a high level of distress - Significant impact on functioning |
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What are the two main parts to anxious thinking:
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1. Worry or fear
2. AND THAT WOULD BE TERRIBLE! |
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What are a few kinds of anxiety disorders:
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- Generalized anxiety disorder
- Phobic disorder - Panic disorder and agoraphobia - Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
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What are the two components of OCD:
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Obsessions - intrusion of unwanted thoughts
Compulsions - senseless rituals |
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What are few symptoms of PTSD:
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- Threat to individual’s safety or integrity.
- Re-experiencing the traumatic event, - Nightmares, - Flashbacks, - Emotional numbness, - Increased sense of vulnerability, - Elevated level of arousal, anxiety, anger, and guilt. |
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Biological factors of Anxiety Disorders:
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- Genetic predisposition,
- anxiety sensitivity, - neurotransmitters. |
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Conditioning and learning of Anxiety Disorders:
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- Acquired through classical conditioning or observational learning
- Maintained through operant conditioning - KEY: AVOIDANCE |
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Cognitive factors of anxiety disorders:
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- Misinterpret or over interpret harmless situationsas threatening
- Focus excessive attention on perceived threats - Selectively recall information that seems threatening. |
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Stress and anxiety disorders:
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- Significant stressful events may precipitate the development of anxiety disorders.
- E.g., panic disorder |
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Define Somatoform Disorders:
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Have no identifiable organic cause
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Define Psychosomatic Disorders:
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Involve genuine physical ailments caused inpart by psychological factors (stress reactions)
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Define Somatization Disorder:
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History of diverse physical complains that appear psychological in origin.
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Define Conversion Disorder:
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Loss of physical functioning with no apparentcause.
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Define Hypochondriasis:
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Excessive preoccupation with health concernsand incessant worry about developing physical illnesses.
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Characteristics of Dissociative Disorders:
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- Loss of contact with portions of consciousnessor memory
- Disruptions in sense of identity |
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Define Dissociative amnesia:
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- Sudden loss of memory for important personalinformation
- Single traumatic event or an extended time period around the event |
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Define Dissociative Fugue:
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Lose their memory for their entire lives alongwith their sense of personal identity
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Discuss Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID):
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- Coexistence of 2 or more complete but very different personalities in 1 person
- Each personality has his/her own name, memories, traits and physical mannerisms - Related to severe childhood trauma - Controversial |
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What are a few characteristics of mood disorders:
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- Various kinds of emotional disturbances (e.g.,feeling very “down” or very “up”)
- Episodic in nature – periods of normality - Interferes with personal and/or professionalfunctioning |
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Discuss Major depressive disorder:
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- Profound sadness, slowed thought processes,low self-esteem, fatigue, weight loss/gain andloss of interest
- Lifetime Prevalence is 7-18% - 2 x higher in women |
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Define Dysthymic Disorder:
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Chronic symptoms that are insufficient in severity to justify diagnosis of major depression
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Define Bipolar Disorder:
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- Euphoria, racing thoughts, impulsive/risk taking, grandiose, decreased need for sleep, increased interest in sex.
- Lifetime prevalence = 1-2% of the population - Equally common in both men and women |
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Define Cyclothymic Disorder:
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Exhibit chronic but relatively mild symptoms ofbipolar disturbance.
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What are the gender differences in mood disorders and suicide:
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- Women are more likely to attempt suicide
- Men are more likely to complete suicide |
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List a few suicide prevention tips:
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- Take it seriously
- Provide empathy and social support - Identify problem - Make no promises - Stay with the individual - Consult a professional |
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What are a few general symptoms of Schizophrenia?
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- Delusions: false beliefs
- Hallucinations: sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of a real, external stimulus or are gross distortions of perceptual input - Irrational thought - Deterioration of adaptive behaviour - Disturbed emotions |
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What are some prognostic factors of Schizophrenia?
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- Onset is sudden
- Onset occurs later - Good social and work adjustment prior to onset - Fewer negative symptoms - Good social support system |
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What are the 4 sub-types of Schizophrenia?
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- Paranoid type - Delusions of persecution, along with delusions of grandeur
- Catatonic type - Striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity - Disorganized type - A particularly severe deterioration of adaptive behaviour is seen - Undifferentiated type |
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Etiology of Schizophrenia:
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- Structural abnormalities of the brain - Enlarged ventricles
- The neurodevelopmental hypothesis - Disruptions in the maturational processes of thebrain before or at birth - Expressed emotion - Relative of a person with schizophrenia displays highly critical or over-involved - Precipitating stress |
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Discuss Personality Disorders:
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Marked by extreme, inflexible personalitytraits - Cause distress
- Impair social and/or occupational functioning - Display certain traits to an excessive degree Diagnostic Problems - Significant overlap in symptoms across diagnostic categories |
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Personality Disorder Clusters:
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- Anxious-fearful (Cluster A) - Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
- Dramatic-impulsive (Cluster B) - Histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial - Odd-eccentric (Cluster C) - Schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid |
