Protozoans-Sporozoans

Front 1

What are the 4 main phyla found within the Sporozoan group?

Back 1

1)Apicomplexa
2)Microspora
3)Axcetospora
4)Myxozoa

**Apicomplexa->Sporozoea->Gregarinia & Coccidia**

Front 2

Where does the gragarine parasite, Monocystis, live?

Back 2

-lives in the seminal vesicles of earthworms

Front 3

What are the 2 main life stages of Monocystis?

Back 3

1)Encysted Stage
2)Trophozoite

Front 4

What is Pseudonavicellae?

Back 4

-pseudonavicellae are the small glassy boatlike cysts that fill the large and round encysted Monocystis

Front 5

What is a trophozoite?

Back 5

-the form that monocystis takes during its feeding stage.

-cigar shaped, larger than sperm balls, may be fuzzy in appearance due to sperm

-feeds on tissues inside the seminal vesicle and sperm mother cells

Front 6

What are gametocytes?
What is a gametocyst?

Back 6

-the result of 2 trophozoites stuck together in a tough spherical cyst

-shperical cyst is called a gametocyst

Front 7

What is gamogony?

Back 7

-the process in which gametocytes undergoe numerous mitotic divisions to produce gametes
-only nuclei divide initially. Once that's done, cytoplasm begins to form cells around each nuclei

**end result are a bunch of Gametes**

Front 8

What are Sporozoites?

What is the process that makes sporozoites called?

Back 8

-the result of a Monocystis zygote undergoing a meiotic and a mitotic division to form 8 haploid nuclei

-cytoplasmic division occurs around each nuclei, forming 8 haploid sporozoites

**Process called sporogony**

Front 9

Go over the life cycle of Monocystis.
Approx. 11 steps.

Back 9

1) Trophozoite eat tissue and sperm and mature

2) Trophozoite find other trophozoite of opposite sex and they link up forming Gametocytes within a gametocyst

3) Gametocytes undergoe gamogony to form gametes

4) Walls between gametocytes breakdown and gametes intermingle, forming diploid zygotes

5) Each zygote begins to encyst, cysts are called pseudonavicillae

6) Each nuclei within the pseudonavicellae undergoes meiosis so that 8 haploid nuclei are produced

7) Cytoplasmic division occurs around the 8 nuclei, producing 8 sporozoites

8) Host dies and sporozoite containing
pseudonavicillae are returned to soil

9) Earthworm eats again, cyst are dissolved in gut releasing the sporozoites

10) Sporozoite busts through gut wall and migrate to seminal vessicle

11) As soon as sporozoites feed on the sperm tissues, they are officially trophozoites once again

Front 10

What subclass does Plasmodium belong to?

Back 10

-belongs to the subclass Coccidia

Front 11

What disease does Plasmodium cause?

Back 11

-malaria

Front 12

What are merozoites?

Back 12

-the result of haploid trophozoites undergoing multiple fission to produce infective cells... called merozoites

**When merozoites bursts out of liver or red blood cells, waste products are released with them, causing malarial fever**

Front 13

What is a plasmodium?

Back 13

-a multinucleate syncytium formed from a mature trophozoite

-plasmodium undergoes cytokinesis to produce a new crop of merozoites

Front 14

How can you tell if red blood cells have been infected with plasmodium?

Back 14

-red blood cells don't have a nucleus and therefore wouldn't stain
-if infected, plasmodium would stain and therefore the RBC would appear stained

Front 15

What is schizogony?

Back 15

-the asexual division of haploid trophozoites to produce more haploid trophozoites

Front 16

What is an Ookinete?

What is an Oocyst?

Back 16

-a mobile zygote which migrates into the gut wall of the mosquito

-the ookinete then encysts becoming an Oocyst

Front 17

Go over the life cycle of Plasmodium.
14 steps in total

Back 17

1) Infected mosquito bites a human, transferring sporozoite to the human

2) Sporozoite travels to the liver and starts eating cells, officially a trophozoite now

3) Mature trophozoites undergo multiple fission to produce infective cells called Merozoites. Merozoites bust out of liver cells, causing the first bout of malarial fever.

4) Merozoites begin infecting RBC's

5) Merozoites begin feeding, called trophozoites once again. Mature trophozoites continue to divide to become Plasmodium -OR- join with other trophozoites to become Gametocytes

Plasmodium Formation-Schizogony
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6) Plasmodium undergoes cytokinesis to make new merozoites

7) When blood cells burst, merozoites are released along with waste material, resulting in malarial fever

Gametocytes-Sexual Reproduction
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6) Gametocysts are taken up by Anopheles mosquito

7) Gametocytes mature in mosquito, the haploid male gametocyte undergoes mitotic division to produce sperm (gamogony). The female gametocyte doesn't divide, it grows into a big egg

8) Walls break down, sperm + egg = mobile zygote called Ookinete

9) Ookinete migrates into gut wall and encysts, called a Oocyst

10) Oocyst undergoes multiple meiotic and mititic divisions to form haploid sporozoites(sporogony)

11) sporozoites are released, bust through gut wall and migrate to salivary glands

12) Mosquito feeds again and the cycle continues

Hint 17

Include both sexual and asexual cycles.

Front 18

What is a merozoite?

Back 18

-merozoites are infective cells
-monocystis are referred to as merozoite during infective period between liver cells and RBC's

Front 19

What is a syncytium?

Back 19

-a multinucleate cell
-nuclei would have no membrane around them