Protozoa

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CAUSATIVE AGENT OF RIVER BLINDNESS

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Onchocerca volvulus

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“OLD WORLD HOOKWORM”

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Anclylostoma duodenale

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CHEMOPROPHYLACTIC. DRUG OF CHOICE IN CHLOROQUINE RESISTANCE

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MEFLOQUINE

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Taenia solium

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Pork tapeworm

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considered the mouth of protozoan

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CYTOSTOME

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active motile form (feeding and growing stage of the parasite, actively metabolizing, MOTILE form)

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›Trophozoite

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HAVE SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTI

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APICOMPLEXAN

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flagellates have one or more whip-like flagella and undulating membrane in some cases.

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MASTIGOPHORA

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undergo a complex life cycle with alternating sexual and asexual reproductive phases

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SPOROZOA

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GROUP OF PARASITE THAT CAUSES MALARIA

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PLASMODIUM

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(PARASITE AFFECT RBC

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HAEMATOZOA

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complex protozoa bearing cilia

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CILIOPHORA

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PTOZOA DOC

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METRODINAZOLE

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motile BULLS-EYED SHAPED nucleus w/ RBC in cytoplasm

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Trophozoite:

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affects the absorption of fat soluble vitamins (ADEK)

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G. lamblia

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.amoebaflagellate

.DIENTAMOEBIASIS

. Tx: same as E. hystolitica (METRONIDAZOLE)

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Fragilis

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.LEMON-SHAPED  NON

. PATHOGENIC, COMMENSAL ORGANISM (NORMAL FLORA OF GIT)

.pearshaped and spiral in motion

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mesnili

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 Causes BALANTIDIASIS OR BALANTIDIAL DYSENTERY

 Invades mucosa and submucosa of the large bowel and terminal ileum

 ONY CILIATED PARASITE PATHOGENIC TO HUMANS

 TX: OXYTETRACYCLINE, IODOQUINOL AND METRONIDAZOLE (IMO

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B.COLI

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causative agent of MALARIA

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PLASMODIA

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ELIMINATES THE EXOERYTHROCYTIC FORMS IN THE LIVER

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PRIMAQUINE:

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: DOC IN ACUTE ATTACK, also used in PROPHYLAXIS

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CHLOROQUINE:

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kill all the malarial forms or plasmodium forms OUTSIDE the RBC

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RADICAL CURE

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DRUG OF CHOICE IN CHLOROQUINE RESISTANCE

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MEFLOQUINE

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treatment of multi-drug resistant falciparum malaria

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MALARONE

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TREATMENT OF MALARIAL BREAKTHROUGH

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PYRIMETHAMINE-SULFADOXINE

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.CAT FECES

.undercooked meats (raw pork)

.Tx: SULFADIAZINE & PYRIMETHAMINE

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T.gondii

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K

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L

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CAUSATIVE AGENT OF EAST AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS

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rhodesiense

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CAUSATIVE AGENT OF WEST AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS

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gambiense

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CAUSATIVE AGENT OF AMERICAN TRYPANOSOMA (CHAGA’S DISEASE)

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T.CRUZI

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.L. donovani or chagasi

.KALA-AZAR/DUMDUM FEVER

.Tx: STIBOGLUCONATE (STIBOFEN®)

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VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS

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“Tapeworms”- band-like and segmented

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CESTODA

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“Flukes”- leaf-shape, narrow and elongated

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TREMATODA

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Ascaris lumbricoides

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ROUND WORM

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Necator americanus orAncylostoma duodenale

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(HOOKWORM)

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Trichuris trichura

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WHIP WORM

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Strongyloides stercoralis

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(THREADWORM)

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Anisakiasis

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Phocanema

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Ancylostomiasis

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duodenale or Old World hookworm

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Capillariasis

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philippinensis

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Dracunculiasis

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Medinensis or Guinea/serpent/dragon worm

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Enterobiasis/oxyuriasis

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vermicularis or Pinworm/seatworm

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one of the most common nematode

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Pinworm/seatworm

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Bancroftian filariasis

Malayan filariasis

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bancrofti

malayi

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Necatoriasis

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americanus or New world

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Onchocerciasis

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volvulus or Nodular/Blinding worms

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Strongyloidiasis/ Cochin-china

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stercoralis or threadworm

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Trichinosis/Trichinellasis

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spiralis or Trichina worm

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Trichuriasis/trichocephaliasis

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trichura or whip worm

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Ascariasis

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lumbricoides or round worm

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detecting eggs with thick Ascaris lubricoides shells by mixture of glycerine and malachite green solution

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KATOKATZ METHOD

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centrifugal fecal flotation test remains the best technique for detecting the most common nematode parasites in DOGS AND CATS.

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BAERMAN’S TECHNIQUE

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differentiate hookworm from Strongyloides

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COPRO-CULTURE

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It is a hookworm both of humans and of other mammals such as dogs, cats, and golden hamsters.

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ceylanicum

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cat hookworm

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braziliense

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infects the small intestine of dogs

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caninum

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CAUSATIVE AGENT of perianal pruritus/norturnal pruritus 

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vermicularis

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CRAMPING RECTAL PAIN

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Tenesmus

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demonstrate appearance of antibodies by precipitin tesT

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SEROLOGICAL Test

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feed scrap meat to lab. animal and detect for viable larva afterward.

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XENODIAGNOSIS

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febrile episodes associated with headache and swollen lymph nodes

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Filarial Fever

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repeat infections, fibrous tissue forms around the dead filariae that accumulate within the lymph nodes.

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Elephantiasis:

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darkened pigmentation

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PRURITIC RASH

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kills microfilaral stage only

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IVERMECTIN:

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kills adults only

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Suramin

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Migration of larvae through the body results in fever, diarrhea, wheezing, hepatitis, and visual loss

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Toxocariasis

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sinensis

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Chinese

Oriental

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ilocanum

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Garrison's flukE

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Fasciola hepatica

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Sheep liver

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Fasciolopsis buksi

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Giant

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Paragonimus westermani

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LUNG FLUKE

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Schistosoma haematobium

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Schistosomes/Bilharzia Worms/Blood Flukes/Vesicular blood fluke

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Schistosoma japonicum

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Japanese blood fluke/Oriental blood fluke

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Schistosoma mansoni

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Manson's blood fluke

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Schistosoma mekongi

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Mekong blood fluke

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Opistorchis felineus

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Cat liver fluke

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Echinococcus granulosus

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Unilocular hydatid

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Diphyllobothrium latum

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Broad-fish tapeworm

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Dipylidium caninum

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Dog tapeworm

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Hymenolepsis diminuta

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Rat tapeworm

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Hymenolepsis nana

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Dwarf tapeworm

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Taenia saginata

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Beef tapeworm

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Taenia solium

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Pork tapeworm Bladder worm

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DOC ASCARIASIS, ENTEROBIASIS, HOOKWORM INFESTATION

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PYRANTEL PAMOATE (COMBANTRIM)

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DOC FOR INTESTINAL NEMATODES

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MEBENDAZOLE

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INHIBITORY EFFECT ON TUBULIN POLYMERIZATION

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ALBENDAZOLE

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DOC FOR LIVER FLUKE AND LUNG FLUKE AND A TAENIACID

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BITHIONOL

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DOC FOR BEEF, PORK AND FISH TAPEWORM

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NICLOASAMIDE

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. ACTS BY DNA BINDING

.TX FOR S. MANSONI

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OXAMNIQUINE

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BINDS WITH HIGH AFFINITY TO GLUTAMATE-GATED CHLORIDE CHANNELS

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IVERMECTIN

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INCREASES THE PERMEABILITY OF THE MEMBRANES OF SCHISTOSOME CELLS TOWARDS CALCIUM ION

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PRAZIQUANTEL