Protists: Chapter 28

Front 1

Nutrition

Back 1

1. Capable of anaerobic metabolism
2. Some are autotrophs
3.Some are photosynthetic or chemosynthetic
4.Some are mixotrophs

Front 2

Motility

Back 2

-most are mobile at some point
-amoeba has cytoplasmic extension
-some are flagellates/ciliates (like amoeba and paramecia)
-

Front 3

Life Cycles

Back 3

-Binary Fission
or
-Reproductive Strategy to alter generations/some variations of sexual reproduction
-May produce spore like cysts in extreme conditions

Front 4

Habits

Back 4

- most are aquatic or in environments that are very moist
-found in marine as well as fresh water
-found in moist soil or moist and particles where water is available
-some are parasitic and are responsible for major diseases across the globe (Giardia (backpackers get this usually), Plasmodium (mosquito bites give rise it), Amoebic Dissentary (causes VIOLENT DIARREA)
-some can be beneficial---certain protists live in animals (like coral,frogs, etc.)

Front 5

Theory of Endosymbiosis

Back 5

idea that some of the organelles are actually the results of some start of bacterial invasion of an early, complex, pre-eukaryotic single-celled organism

Front 6

Endosymbiosis

Back 6

Intentional invasion by prokaryotes

Front 7

Secondary Endosymbiosis

Back 7

Prokaryotes ingested in the food vacuole of heterotophic eukaryotes and became endosymbionts themselves

Front 8

Evidence of Endosymbiosis

Back 8

1. Mitochondrial-Asexual Fission
2. Separate Mitochondrial DNA
3. Size of Mitochondria (larger)
4. Chloroplast SS-RNA
5. Chlorplastic Size (larger)

Front 9

Diplomonads

Back 9

particular flagellated protists with 2 separate nucleoids; parasites; don’t waste their time making mitochdonria-modified mitochondria called mitosomes (lack functional ETC’s and can’t use O2 to extract energy from carbs or organic molecultes)—get energy from glycolysis ex. GIARDIA (capable of living 2-3 weeks as a free living cyst; can be obtained from contaminated water source 2-3 wk life expectancy outside of the host

Front 10

Euglena(zoa)

Back 10

relatively metabolic group that can be heterotrophic, autotrophic, or mixotrophic. Nuclear & extranuclear DNA called kinetoklastids ( ) possess 1 LARGE mitochondrion instead of a bunch of little ones.
- kinetoplastid
Ex. Trypanosoma- in Africa (from teetsie fly)
-chagas disease- associated with a particular beetle that has a habit of climbing down from the thatched roof of a hut and taking little drinks of tears or saliva-defecates on people (dry bug poop=fras)-if the fras gets in mouth and eyes, the trypanosome gets in your body—trypanosome=has little markers on their body to identify who they are

Front 11

Aveolata (aveolates)

Back 11

– group of protists that are marked by their subsurface cavities; have membrane bound sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane; function of these=unknown
-a. dinoflagellates- cells that are reinforced by cellulose plates..two flagella located in perpendicular grooves;mascot in Alabama; responsible for massive fish die off-toxins within them is accumulating (neurotoxins)-RED TIDE-small fishbig fish humans
corkscrew flagella

b. apicomplexans- parasites of animals and can cause serious diseases(from mosquite bites) have a particular end of an organism that is adapted to entry into host cells by way of chemical excretions (solvents) which allow it to gain entry into the host cell
Ciliophora-tend to be most complex of protists

Front 12

Stramenopila

Back 12

group of marine algae that include some of the most important photosynthetic organisms on the planet
-“hairy” flagellum
-Ex.Oomycytes (Oomycota)
-water molds;white rusts; downy mildews
b. Bascillariophyta (Diatoms)
-unicellular algae that have a unique glass-like wall made of hydrated silica (silicon dioxide) embedded in an organic matrix
-cell wall is glass (SiO2)—consists of two parts that overlap like a shoe box and its lid—provide effective protection from the jaws of predators
-make up sediments in the ocean
-asexual producers
-store food as oil: some ppl think theya re a major contributor to our petroleum
c. Crysophyta (gold algae-)
-results from their yellow and brown carotenoids---cells are typically biflagellated, with both flagella attached near one end of the cell
- single-celled flagellated
-xanzhophylls give pigment
-resemble other red and green algaes—not genetically close enough to be considered …?

d. Phaeophyta
- note general anatomy
blade
- Laminaria

Front 13

Rhodophyta

Back 13

phycobilin pigment
-associated with photosynthetic pathways stipe

- holdfast
-tend to be tropical
-aid in the gathering of blue and green light (photosynthesis can occur up to 250 meters of water depth)

Front 14

Chlorophyta

Back 14

-tend to be common ancestor of plants
-volvox (colonial algae)--flagella are coordinated (feat b/c it’s a multicellular structure with no nervous system)
-most of these are freshwater (chloroplasts look like cyanobacteria—chloroplasts were probably derived from endosymbiosis)
-sexual and asexual reproduction
Chlamydomonas

Front 15

Mycetozoa

Back 15

slime mold super cells
-exist as supercells with much nuclei and no cell distinction from one nucleus t othe next, can be several cm
-as it dries up, enters into a sexual stage and goes from there
-movement: slow—cytoplasmic streaming of multinucleic structure
-predators

Front 16

Amoeba

Back 16

pseudopodial mover
-microfilaments associated with one side are being assembled while those on the other side are being assembled

Front 17

Actinopods

Back 17

send out a cytoplasmic ray much of a ray like structure than the actual lobe of the amoeba

Front 18

Foraminifera

Back 18

(foramin=opening or pit)-shelled structures w/ some sort of a cell wall where the cytoplasm is able to exit the holes and the foot is able to drag itself along its way
-geometrically amazing