Biology 202 Chapter 28 Protists

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PROTIST

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an informal term applied to any eukaryote that is not a plant,animal or fungus. Most protists are unicellular, though some are colonial or multicellular

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MIXOTROPHS

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an organism that is capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophy

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SECONDARY ENDOSYMBIOSIS

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an processs in eukaryotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell, which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside the hetertrophic cell.

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EXCAVATA

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one of the five supergroups of eukaryotes proposed in a current hypothesis of the evolutionary history of eukaryotes. Excavates have unique cytoskeletal features, and some species have an "excavated" feeding groove on one side of the cell body

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DIPLOMONAD

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a protist that has a modified mitochondria, two equal-sized nuclei, and multiple flagella

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PARABASILID

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a protist, such as trichomonad, with modified mitochondria

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EUGLENOZOAN

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member of a clade of animals with true tissues; all animals except sponges and a few other groups are eumetazoans

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KINETOPLASTID

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a protist, such as a trypanosome, that has a single large mitochondrion that houses an organized mass of DNA

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CHROMALVEOLATA

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one of 5 supergroups of eukaryotes proposed in the current hypothesis of the evolutionary history of eukaryotes; chromalveolates may have originated by secondary endosymbiosis and include 2 large protist clades, the alveolates and the stramenopiles

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ALVEOLATE

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a protist with membrane-bounded sacs located just under the plasma membrane

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DINOFLAGELLATE

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member of a group of mostly unicellular photosynthetic algae with two flagella situated in perpendicular grooves in cellulose plates covering the cell

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APICOMPLEXAN

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a protist in a clade that includes many species that parasitize animals; some apicomplexans cause human disease

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CILIATE

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a type of protist that moves by means of cilia

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STRAMENOPILE

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a protist in which a "hairy" flagellum is paired with a shorter smooth flagellum

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BROWN ALGA

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a multicellular, photosynthetic protist with a characteristic brown or olive color that results from carotenoids in its plastids; most brown aglae are marine, and some have a plant like body

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THALLUS

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a seaweed body that is plant like, consisting of a hold fast, stipe and blades, yet lacks true roots, stems and leaves

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HOLDFAST

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a rootlike structure that anchors a seaweed

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STIPE

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a stemlike structure of a seaweed

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BLADE

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a leaflike structure of a seaweed that provides most of the surface area for photosynthesis

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ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS

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a life cyle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte and a multicellular haploid form the gametophyte; characteristic of plants and some algae

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HETEROMORPHIC

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referring to a condition in the life cylce of plants and certain algae in which the sporophyte and gametophyte generations differ in morphology

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ISOMORPHIC

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referring to alternating generations in plants and certain algae in which the sporophytes and gametophytes look alike, although they differ in morphology

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OOMYCETE

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a protist with flagellated cells, such as a water mold, white rust or down mildew, that acquires nutrition mainly as a decomposer or plant parasite

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FORAMINIFERAN

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an aquatic protist that secretes a hardened shell containing calcium and extends pseudopodia through pores in the shell

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RHIZARIA

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one of the 5 supergroups of eukaryotes proposed in a current hypothesis of the evolutionary history of eukaryotes; a morphologically diverse protist clade that is defined by DNA similarities

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AMOEBA

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a protist grade characterized by the presence of pseudopodia

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PSEUDOPODIUM

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a cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding

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RADIOLARIAN

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a protist, usually marine, with a shell generally made of silica and pseudopodia that radiate from the central body

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ARCHEOPLATIDA

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one of the 5 supergroups of eukaryotes proposed in a current hypothesis of the evolutionary history of eukaryotes. This monphyletic group, which includes red algae and land plants, descended from an ancient protist ancestor that engulfed a cyanobacterium

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RED ALGA

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a photosynthetic protist, named for its color, which results from a red pigment that masks the green of chlorophyll. Most read algae are multicellular and marine

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GREEN ALGA

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a photosynthetic protist, named for green chloroplasts that are similar in structure and pigment composition to those of land plants. Green algae are a paraphyletic group, some of whose members are more closely related to land plants than they are to other green algae.

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UNIKONTA

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one of the 4 supergroups of eukaryotes proposed in a current hypothesis of teh evolutionary history of eukaryotes. This clade, which is supported by studies of myosin proteins and DNA, consists of amoebozoans and opisthokonts

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AMOEBOZOAN

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a protist ina clade that includes many species with lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopodia

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PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLD

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a type of protist that has amoeboid cells, flagellated cells and a plasmodial feeding stage in its life cycle

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PLASMODIUM

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a single mass of cytoplasm containing many diploid nuclei that forms during the life cycle of some slime molds

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CELLULAR SLIME MOLD

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a type of protist that has unicellular amoeboid cells and aggregated reproductive bodies in its life cycle

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OPISTHOKONT

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a member of the diverse clade of Opisthokonta, organisms that descended from an ancestor with a posterior flagellum, including fungi, animals and certain protists

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PRODUCER

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an organism that produces organic compounds from carbon dioxide by harnessing light energy or by oxidizing inorganic chemicals