Principles Of Nutrition Chapter 18

Front 1

Infectious Diseases

Back 1

diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or other microorganisms that can be transmitted from one person to another through air, water, or food; by contact; or through vector organisms such as mosquitoes

Front 2

Bioterrorism

Back 2

the intentional spreading of disease-causing microorganisms or toxins

Front 3

B-cells

Back 3

lymphocytes that produce antibodies;

Front 4

What does the B stand for in B-cells

Back 4

bone marrow where the cells develop and mature

Front 5

Cytokines

Back 5

special proteins that direct immune and inflammatory responses

Front 6

immune systems

Back 6

the body's natural defense against foreign materials that have penetrated the skin or mucous membranes

Front 7

immunoglobulins

Back 7

proteins capable of acting as antibodies

Front 8

lymphocytes

Back 8

white blood cells that participate in acquired immunity; B-cells and T-cells

Front 9

phagocytes

Back 9

white blood cells (neutrophils and macrophages) that have the ability to ingest and destroy foreign substances

Front 10

phagocytosis

Back 10

the process by which phagocytes engulf and destroy foreign materials

Front 11

T-cells

Back 11

lymphocytes that attack antigens

Front 12

What does the T stand for in T-cells

Back 12

thymus gland where the T-cells mature

Front 13

Antibodies

Back 13

large proteins of blood and body fluids, produced by the immune system in response to the invasion of the body by foreign molecules (usually antigens); they combine with and inactive the foreign invaders, thus protecting the body

Front 14

antigens

Back 14

substances that elicit the formation of antibodies or an inflammation reaction from the immune system

Front 15

synergistic

Back 15

multiple factors operating together in such a way that their combines effects are greater than the sum of their individual effects

Front 16

AIDS

Back 16

the late stage of HIV infection, in which severe complications develop

Front 17

What doe AIDS stand for?

Back 17

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Front 18

HIV

Back 18

the virus that causes AIDS; the infection progresses to become and immune system disorder that leaves its victims defenseless against numerous infections

Front 19

What does HIV stand for

Back 19

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Front 20

C-reactive Protein

Back 20

a protein released during the acute phase of infection or inflammation that enhances immunity by promoting phagocytosis and activating platelets; its presences may be used to asses a person's risk of an impending heart attack or stroke

Front 21

What does CRP stand for?

Back 21

C-reactive protein

Front 22

platelets

Back 22

tiny, disc-shaped bodies in the blood, important in blood clot formation

Front 23

aneurysm

Back 23

an abnormal enlargement or bulging of a blood vessel (usually an artery) cause by damage to or weakness in the blood vessel wall

Front 24

angina

Back 24

a painful feeling of tightness or pressure in and around the heart, often radiating to the back, neck, and arms; caused by a lack of oxygen to an area of heart muscle

Front 25

CHD risk equivalents

Back 25

disorders that raise the risk of heart attack, strokes, and other complications associated with cardiovascular disease to the same degree as existing CHD; these disorders include symptomatic carotid artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and diabetes melitus

Front 26

Coronary arteries

Back 26

blood vessels that supply blood to the heart

Front 27

coronary heart disease

Back 27

the damage that occurs when the blood vessels carrying blood to the heart become narrow and occluded

Front 28

What does CHD stand for?

Back 28

Coronary heart disease

Front 29

embolism

Back 29

the obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus causing sudden tissue death

Front 30

embolus

Back 30

traveling blood clot

Front 31

heart attack

Back 31

sudden tissue death caused by blockages of vessels that feed the heard muscle

Front 32

What are some other names for a heart attack?

Back 32

myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest

Front 33

hypertension

Back 33

higher-than-normal blood pressure

Front 34

Essential Hypertension

Back 34

higher-than-normal blood pressure that develops without an identifiable cause

Front 35

Another name for essential hypertension

Back 35

primary hypertension

Front 36

secondary hypertension

Back 36

higher-than-normal blood pressure that is caused by a specific disorder such as kidney disease

Front 37

prehypertension

Back 37

slightly higher-than-normal blood pressure, but not as high as hypertension

Front 38

stroke

Back 38

an event in which the blood flow to a part of the brain is cut off

Front 39

What is another name for a stroke?

Back 39

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Front 40

thrombosis

Back 40

the formation of a thrombus that may obstruct a blood vessel causing gradual tissue death

Front 41

thrombus

Back 41

a blood clot

Front 42

transient ischemic attack

Back 42

a temporary reduction in blood flow to the brain, which causes temporary symptoms that vary depending on the part of the brain affected; common symptoms include light-headedness, visual disturbances, paralysis, staggering, numbness, and an inability to swallow

Front 43

What does TIA stand for

Back 43

transient ischemic attack

Front 44

atherosclerosis

Back 44

a type of artery disease characterized by plaques along the inner walls of the arteries

Front 45

cardiovascular disease

Back 45

a general term for all diseases of the heart and blood vessels

Front 46

plaques

Back 46

mounds of lipid material, mixed with smooth muscle cells and calcium, that develop in the artery walls in atherosclerosis

Front 47

emerging risk factors

Back 47

recently identified factors that enhance the ability to predict disease risk in an individual

Front 48

metabolic syndrome

Back 48

a combination of risk factors - insulin resistance, hypertension, abnormal blood lipids, and abdominal obesity- that greatly increase a person's risk of developing coronary heart disease

Front 49

What are some other names for metabolic syndrome?

Back 49

Syndrome X
Insulin resistance syndrome
dysmetabolic syndrome

Front 50

peripheral resistance

Back 50

the resistance to pumped blood in the small arterial branches (arterioles) that carry blood to tissue

Front 51

hyperglycemia

Back 51

elevated blood glucose concentrations

Front 52

diabetes mellitus

Back 52

a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both

Front 53

prediabetes

Back 53

condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes; considered a major risk factor for future diabetes and cardiovascular diseases

Front 54

What is an older name for prediabetes?

Back 54

impaired glucose tolerance

Front 55

type 1 diabetes

Back 55

the type of diabetes that accounts for 5-10% of diabetes cases and usually results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. In this type of diabetes the pancreas produces little or no insulin.

Front 56

type 2 diabetes

Back 56

the type of diabetes that accounts for 90 to 95% of diabetes cases and usually results from insulin resistance coupled with insufficient insulin secretion. Obesity is present in 80 to 90% of cases.

Front 57

autoimmune disorder

Back 57

a condition in which the body develops antibodies to its own proteins and then proceeds to destroy cells containing these proteins

Front 58

antipromoters

Back 58

factors that oppose the development of cancer

Front 59

cancers

Back 59

malignant growth or tumors that result from abnormal and uncontrolled cell division

Front 60

carcinogenesis

Back 60

the process of cancer development

Front 61

carcinogens

Back 61

substances that can cause cancer

Front 62

initiators

Back 62

factors that cause mutations that give rise to cancer, such as radiation and carcinogens

Front 63

malignant

Back 63

describes a cancerous cell or tumor, which can injure healthy tissue and spread cancer to other regions of the body

Front 64

promoters

Back 64

factors that favor the development of cancers once they have begun

Front 65

tumor

Back 65

an abnormal tissue mass with no physiological function

Front 66

Neoplasm

Back 66

another name for tumor

Front 67

adenomas

Back 67

cancers that arise form glandular tissues

Front 68

carcinomas

Back 68

cancers that arise from epithelial tissues

Front 69

giomas

Back 69

cancers that arise from glial cells of the central nervous system

Front 70

leukemias

Back 70

cancers that arise from white blood cell precursors

Front 71

lymphomas

Back 71

cancers that arise form lymph tissue

Front 72

sarcomas

Back 72

cancers that arise from connective tissues, such as muscle or bone

Front 73

cruciferous vegetables

Back 73

vegetables of the cabbage family, including cauliflower, broccoli, and brussel sprouts

Front 74

Name the lifestyle factors that contribute to the development of chronic diseases.

Back 74

1) Diet
2) Physical Inactivity
3) Overweight
4) Tobacco use
5) Alcohol and drug abuse

Front 75

What are the organs of the immune system?

Back 75

spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus

Front 76

What are the cells of the immune system?

Back 76

Phagocytes: Neutrophils and Macrophyages
Lymphocytes: B-cells and T-cells

Front 77

What are the two types of immune system cells that ingest and destroy foreign antigens by phagocytosis?

Back 77

1) Neutrophils
2) Macrophages

Front 78

What nutrients are known to affect immunity?

Back 78

1) Protein
2) Fatty Acids
3) Vitamin A
4) Vitamin E
5) Vitamin B6
6) Folate
7) Vitamin C
8) Iron
9) Zinc
10) Selenium

Front 79

How does Protein-Energy Malnutrition effect the body's defense systems?

Back 79

1) Skin is thinned with less connective tissue to serve as a barrier to protect underlying tissues
2) Digestive tract and other body linings - antibody secretions and immune cell number reduced
3) Lymph tissues - immune system organs are reduced in size and cells of the immune defense depleted
4) General response - invader kill time prolonged; circulating immune cells reduces; antibody response impaired

Front 80

Macrophage

Back 80

large, phagocytic cells of the immune system

Front 81

Coronary Thombosis

Back 81

blocks blood flow through an areter that feeds the heart muscle

Front 82

Cerebral Thombosis

Back 82

blocks blood flow through an artery that feeds the brain

Front 83

What do Eicosanoids help to regulate?

Back 83

1) Blood pressure
2) Blood clot formation
3) Blood vessel contractions
4) Immune response
5) Nerve impulse transmissions

Front 84

What are major sources of omega-3 fatty acids?

Back 84

1) vegetable oils (canola, soybean, flaxseed)
2) Walnuts, flaxseeds
3) Fatty fish (mackerel, slamon, sardines)

Front 85

What are some modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease?

Back 85

1) High blood LDL cholesterol
2) Low blood HDL cholesterol
3) high blood pressure
4) Diabetes
5) Obesity (especially abdominal obesity)
6) Physical inactivity
7) Cigarette smoking
8) and 'atherogenic' diet (high in saturated fats and low in vegetables, fruit, and whole grains)

Front 86

Antherogenic Diet

Back 86

a diet high in saturated fats and low in vegetables, fruit and whole grains

Front 87

What are major risk factors for coronary heart disease that are not modifiable?

Back 87

1) increasing age
2) male gender
3) family history of premature heart disease

Front 88

What is a desirable total blood cholesterol?

Back 88

<200 mg/dl

Front 89

What is a desirable LDL cholesterol?

Back 89

<100 mg/dl

Front 90

What is a desirable HDL cholesterol?

Back 90

>60 mg/cl

Front 91

What is a desirable triglyceride level?

Back 91

<150 mg/dl

Front 92

What is a desirable BMI?

Back 92

18.5-24.9

Front 93

What is a desirable blood pressure

Back 93

<120/<80

Front 94

Insulin Resistance

Back 94

a condition in which a normal amount of insulin produces a subnormal effect, resulting in an elevated fasting glucose

Front 95

Cardiac Output

Back 95

the volume of blood discharged by the heart each minute

Front 96

What is the relationship between blood pressure, cardiac output, and peripheral resistance?

Back 96

Blood pressure = cardiac output x peripheral resistance

Front 97

What are the major risk factors for hypertension?

Back 97

1) aging
2) genetics
3) obesity
4) salt sensitivity
5) alcohol

Front 98

DASH eating plan

Back 98

a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low fat milk products with reduced saturated fat intake

Front 99

What lifestyle modifications can be done to reduce blood pressure?

Back 99

1) weight reduction
2) DASH eating plan
3) Sodium restriction
4) Physical activity
5) Moderate alcohol consumption

Front 100

Systolic Blood Pressure

Back 100

blood pressure measured when the heart muscle contracts

Front 101

Diastolic blood pressure

Back 101

blood pressure measured when the heart muscle relaxes

Front 102

How much of an increase in blood pressure doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease?

Back 102

+20 mm Hg in systolic
+1- mm Hg in diastolic

Front 103

What is the prevalence of diabetes among adults in the US?

Back 103

> 4% in Colorado
5-6% in 5 upper midwest states
> 6% in most states

Front 104

A normal fasting blood glucose level is:

Back 104

< 100 mg/dl

Front 105

What are some metabolic consequences of untreated diabetes?

Back 105

1) hunger, excessive eating, and weight gain
2) water moved into blood by the osmotic effect, frequent urination, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, excessive thirst, coma
3) glucose in uring
4) in Type 1 cells break down protein and fat, ketones produced for energy, ketoacidosis, coma

Front 106

What are some complications of diabetes?

Back 106

1) large blood vessel diseases (CVD, heart attack)
2) small blood vessel diseases (impaired kidney function, loss of vision)
3) nerve diseases (painful prickling sensation, loss of sensation, unnoticed infections, gangerene, amputation)

Front 107

Benign tumor

Back 107

an abnormal mass of cells that is non-cancerous

Front 108

How do the major diseases of today as a group differ from those of several decades ago as a group?

Back 108

Infectious diseases where common but medical advanced, purification of water, safe handling of foods, antibiotics, and immunizations all have decreased that. Today chronic disease develops over a lifetime as a result of metabolic abnormalities induced by genetics, age, gender, and lifestyle.

Front 109

What dietary recommendations should an individual with diabetes follow?

Back 109

1) provide a consistent carbohydrate intake throughout the day
2) consume carbohydrates with a low glycemic effect
3) derive at least half of their grain intake from high-fiber, whole-grain products
4) choose foods and beverages with little added sugars
5) limit saturated fat intake
6) consume a diet of 15-20% protein but no higher
7) drink alcohol in moderation

Front 110

What are some environmental factors that may lead to cancer?

Back 110

1) radiation exposure
2) sun exposure
3) water and air pollution
4) smoking
5) lack of physical activity
6) obesity

Front 111

What are some cancer initiators?

Back 111

1) alcohol use
2) tobacco use
3) low intakes of fruits and vegetable
4) grilling meat
5) diet high in red meat
6) fried foods (some starches cooked at high temperatures form acrylamide)

Front 112

What are some cancer promoters?

Back 112

1) high saturated and trans fat diets
2) high kcal diets

Front 113

What are the dietary recommendations for reducing cancer?

Back 113

1) maintain a healthy body weight
2) eat a variety of healthful foods
3) eat 5 or more servings of fruits and vegetables
4) chose whole grains
5) limit consumption of red meats, especially those high in fat or processed, bake or broil instead of frying or charbroiling
6) drink alcohol in moderation
7) engage in moderate activity for 30 minutes or more on 5 or more days per week

Front 114

What are the dietary recommendations to limit your risk of chronic disease?

Back 114

1) maintain a healthy body weight
2) engage in regular physical activity
3) keep total fat 20-35%
4) limit saturated and trans fats
5) select fiber-rich fruits, vegetables, and whole-grains
6) use little sugar
7) use little salt
8) drink alcohol in moderation

Front 115

What are the major risk factors for developing chronic disease?

Back 115

1) diet high in fat, saturated fat, and/or trans fat
2) excessive alcohol intake
3) low complex carbohydrate/fiber intake
4) high sugar intake
5) high intake of salty or pickled foods

Front 116

Name some dietary strategies to reduce your risk of CHD.

Back 116

1) balance energy intake and physical activity
2) limit saturated and trans fat and cholesterol
3) eat foods high in soluble fiber
4) high potassium, low sodium diets
5) limit added sugars
6) eat fish and omega03 fatty acids at least 2x per week
7) consume foods that contain plant sterols and stanols
8) consume soy to replace animal and dairy products
9) limit alcohol

Front 117

The DASH eating plan provides more of what nutrients than the typical American diet?

Back 117

1) fiber
2) potassium
3) magnesium
4) calcium

Front 118

What are the principles of the DASH eating plan?

Back 118

eat a diet rich in:
1) fruits
2) vegetables
3) nuts
4) low-fat milk products

and Low in:
1) total fat
2) saturated fat
3) red meats
4) sweets and sugar-containing beverages

Front 119

The DASH eating plan can lower your systolic blood pressure by how much?

Back 119

8-14 mm hg

Front 120

What part of your immune system produces antibodies?

Back 120

B-cells

Front 121

Which blood lipid correlates directly with heart disease?

Back 121

LDL

Front 122

Moderate amounts of alcohol may protect against heart disease by:

Back 122

preventing clot formatoin