Nutrition- Chapter 11: Diet And Health

Front 1

The ballooning out of an artery wall at a point that is weakened by deterioration.

Back 1

Aneurysm

Front 2

The large, primary artery that conducts blood from the heart to the body's smaller arteries.

Back 2

Aorta

Front 3

Tiny cell-like fragments in the blood, important in blood clot formation.

Back 3

Platelets

Front 4

A stationary blood clot.

Back 4

Thrombus

Front 5

A thrombus that has grown enough to close off a blood vessel.

Back 5

Thombosis

Front 6

A thrombus that breaks loose and travels through the blood vessels.

Back 6

Embolus

Front 7

An embolus that causes sudden closure of a blood vessel.

Back 7

Embolism

Front 8

The event in which the vessels that feed the heart muscle become closed off by an embolism, thrombus, or other cause with resulting sudden tissue death. Also called a myocardial infarction.

Back 8

Heart attack

Front 9

The sudden shutting off of the blood flow to the brain by a thrombus, embolism, or the bursting of a vessel (hemorrhage).

Back 9

Stroke

Front 10

What is predictive of a heart attack?

Back 10

A high C-reactive protein

Front 11

Diseases that are caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microbes and can be transmitted from one person to another through air, water, or food; by contact; or through vector organisms such as mosquitoes and fleas.

Back 11

Infectious diseases

Front 12

Chronic, irreversible diseases characterized by degeneration of body organs due in part to such personal lifestyle elements as poor food choices, smoking, alcohol use, and lack of physical activity.

Back 12

Degenerative diseases

Front 13

What 3 factors do degenerative diseases (aka chronic disease) arise from?

Back 13

1. Genetic predisposition- inherited
2. Personal medical history
3. Lifestyle choices

Front 14

What nutrients play a bigger role in immunity?

Back 14

Protein and calories

Front 15

What are the effects of protein energy malnutrition (not enough of either protein or calories)?

Back 15

-Skin becomes thinner, looses ability to act as a barrier to foreign agents, ability to deal with foreign invaders (antigens)
-Digestive tract/Mucus membranes contain immune tissue and produce antibodies
-Lymph tissue (Immune system organs inside the body

Front 16

What is the overall response to protein energy malnutrition?

Back 16

-Takes body longer to kill invaders
-Circulating immune cells are reduced
-Antibody response in our mucus membrane is impaired

Front 17

How does nutrient deficiency that can negatively effect immunity in regards to Vitamin A, Vitamin C & A, and Zinc?

Back 17

-Vitamin A: Your skin & membrane lining loses ability to stop infection.
-Vit C & A: Weakens WBC = Reduced "army"
-Zinc: Reduced WBC

Front 18

Factors known to be related to diseases but not proved to be causal. The more of these, the greater the probability for contacting a certain disease.

Back 18

Risk factors

Front 19

Both ___________ and _______ are both forms of cardiovascular disease.

Back 19

Atherosclerosis and stroke

Front 20

____________ is the root form of most heart disease and can lead to

Back 20

strokes, heart attacks, and hypertension.

Front 21

The most common form of cardiovascular disease; characterized by plaques along the inner walls of the arteries.

Back 21

Atherosclerosis

Front 22

Too much fat, especially ______ ___, can increase LDL and trans fats.

Back 22

saturated fats

Front 23

LDL lodges in

Back 23

the artery, causing fatty streams. This process damages the arteries, which become inflamed.

Front 24

The inflammation process leads to

Back 24

free radical formation; it oxidizes the trapped LDL

Front 25

These fatty deposits become

Back 25

plaque.

Front 26

Arterial damage and the inflammatory process

Back 26

lead to mineralization of the plaque and favors the formation of blood clots.

Front 27

Plaque continues to

Back 27

grow and hardens as more minerals/lipids are deposited.

Front 28

By age ___, we all have well developed plaque.

Back 28

30

Front 29

Plaque formation in the arteries

Back 29

involes the inflamatory process.

Front 30

One indicator of arterial inflammation is called __ ______ ______.

Back 30

C-reaction protein.

Front 31

plaques grow in size and can partially

Back 31

block or accclude an artery. Makes it less able to expand.

Front 32

Occluded (narrowed) less expandable arteries increase ______ _______ and strains the _____.

Back 32

blood pressure and heart

Front 33

The heart must generate more pressure to get blood to tissues. This process damages artery walls accelerating plaque formation. Blood clots and plaques are especially likely to form at ____ ____.

Back 33

damage points.

Front 34

Atherosclerosis is a ____ __________ process.

Back 34

self-accelerating process

Front 35

Worsening atherosclerosis increases what?

Back 35

blood pressure

Front 36

As blood pressure builds up in an artery, it can cause an _______.

Back 36

aneurysm (ballooning out of the artery due to pressure)

Front 37

As platelets encounter the damaged surface,

Back 37

they respond by clotting.

Front 38

_____ __ in food oppose this action are thus are protective against cardiovascular disease.

Back 38

Omega 3's

Front 39

What are good sources of omega 3's?

Back 39

Cold water fish, flax, nuts, seeds, many oils like canola

Front 40

Diets lacking in Omega 3 may contribute to _______ _________.

Back 40

plaque formation

Front 41

Omega 3's may also help reduce ____ ______ and _____ _________.

Back 41

blood pressure and artery inflamation

Front 42

If a _________ (blood clot) breaks loose, it is now called an _________ or traveling blood clot.

Back 42

thrombus; embolus

Front 43

Embolus can then travel until it what?

Back 43

gets stuck in a small artery

Front 44

When an Embolus gets stuck, it's called an _______.

Back 44

Embolism

Front 45

What two things can an embolus or thrombus cause if lodged in an artery leading to the HEART?

Back 45

1. Angina (pain around or radiating out from the heart)- happens when blood flow is restricted to the heart and usually, but not always happens before the artery is completely cut off.
2. If the blood flow is completely cut off- it's call a HEART ATTACK.

Front 46

What two things can an embolus or thrombus cause if lodged in an artery leading to the BRAIN?

Back 46

1. If the blood flow is cut off- it's called a STROKE
2. An aneurysm can also cause a stroke.

Front 47

These conditions in parents, grandparents, or siblings, esp occurring early in life, may raise a warning flag for you:

Back 47

-Alcoholism
-Cancer
-Diabetes
-Heart and artery diseases
-Hypertension
-Liver disease (cirrhosis)
-Osteoporosis

Front 48

For heart attack, what are the symptoms that both men and women share?

Back 48

-Chest discomfort- discomfort in the center of the chest that lasts more than a few min or goes away and comes back.
-Discomfort in other areas of the upper body. Pain or discomfort in one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw, or stomach.
-Shortness of breath. Accompanying chest discomfort or preceding it.
-Other signs- cold sweat, nausea, or lightheadedness.

Front 49

What are the sudden warning signs of stroke?

Back 49

-Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body.
-Sudden confusion, trouble speaking, or trouble understanding.
-Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes.
-Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance or coordination.
-Sudden severe headache with no known cause.

Front 50

High LDL is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and it mostly impacts atherosclerosis but also increases risk for

Back 50

stroke.

Front 51

For every 1% you lower LDL, you also lower ____________.

Back 51

heart disease

Front 52

High HDL reduces the risk of what?

Back 52

all forms of cardiovascular disease.

Front 53

Blood pressure affects almost how much of our population?

Back 53

1/3

Front 54

Risk of developing high blood pressure increases with ___.

Back 54

age

Front 55

Almost 90% of population

Back 55

65 or older has hypertension.

Front 56

Having blood pressure above normal increases what?

Back 56

risk of stroke and heart attack

Front 57

Systolic Pressure is less than ________.

Back 57

120 mm Hg

Front 58

Diastolic Pressure is less than ________.

Back 58

80 mm Hg

Front 59

What are the diet risk factors/other risk factors for HYPERTENSION?

Back 59

-High saturated fat/trans fat intake
-Excessive alcohol intake
-Low vitamin and/or mineral intake
-High intake of salty or pickled foods
-Genetics
-Age
-Sedentary lifestyle
-Smoking and tobacco use
-Stress

Front 60

What are the diet risk factors/other risk factors for DIABETES (TYPE 2)?

Back 60

-High saturated fat/trans fat intake
-Low complex carbohydrate/fiber intake
-Genetics
-Age
-Sedentary lifestyle

Front 61

What are the diet risk factors/other risk factors for ATHEROSCLEROSIS?

Back 61

-High saturated fat/trans fat intake
-Excessive alcohol intake
-Low complex carbohydrate/fiber intake
-Low vitamin and/or mineral intake
-Genetics
-Age
-Sedentary lifestyle
-Smoking and/or tobacco use
-Stress

Front 62

What are the diet risk factors/other risk factors for OBESITY?

Back 62

High saturated fat/trans fat intake
-Excessive alcohol intake
-Low complex carbohydrate/fiber intake
-High sugar intake
-Genetics
-Sedentary lifestyle

Front 63

What are the major risk factors for heart disease that cannot be modified?

Back 63

-Increasing age
-Male gender
-Family history of premature heart disease

Front 64

What are the major risk factors for heart disease that can be modified?

Back 64

-High blood LDL cholesterol
-Low blood HDL cholesterol
-High blood pressure (hypertension)
-Diabetes
-Obesity
-Physical inactivity
-Cigarette smoking
-An "atherogenic" diet (high in saturated fats including trans fats and low in vegetables, fruits, & whole grains)

Front 65

For people with HTN, weight loss (if overweight), the book says as little as ______ helps.

Back 65

10 lbs

Front 66

Weight loss often helps reduce what?

Back 66

the amount of blood pressure

Front 67

For people with HTN, what seems to be the most helpful?

Back 67

Continuous exercises like walking, jogging, and cycling; this may be due to the stress reducing effect of exercise- it decreases production of stress hormone.

Front 68

For people with HTN, remember that sodium attracts water. Lowering sodium no more than ______.

Back 68

2300 mg

Front 69

Diet may influence _________ of the total number of cancers.

Back 69

20-50%

Front 70

Which dietary factors most influence a person's risk of developing cancer?

Back 70

-Excess dietary: fat, meat, alcohol, calories, & sodium
-Low intake of fruits, vegetables, dietary fibers, whole grains

Front 71

Excess energy from food is known as ___________.

Back 71

"caloric effect"

Front 72

Dietary fat may influence cancer in what three ways?

Back 72

1. Fat being kcal dense provides more energy; excess energy is associated with cancer.
2. Saturated fat also increases the risk of some types of cancer.
3. Fat when heated tends to oxidize. Increased oxidative stress from too much fat that has been heated too much may influence cancer.

Front 73

What types of cancers do you think too much alcohol might cause?

Back 73

Liver, stomach, mouth, throat

Front 74

Smoked, grilled, and well-done meats do what?

Back 74

Increase the risks of cancer

Front 75

__________ develop any time meat is brown, fried, smoked, etc.

Back 75

Carcinogens; they are cancer causing.

Front 76

__________ is a known animal carcinogen. It developed when carbohydrate rich foods (potatoes or grains) are cooks at very high temperatures.

Back 76

Acrylamide

Front 77

High fiber foods are protected by what four ways?

Back 77

1. Speeding transit time of materials through the GI, which gives less time for the colon to be exposed to carcidigens.
2. Breakdown of fiber by bacteria in the GI yields short chain fatty acids (protective against heart disease).
3. High fiber diets help regulate blood glucose and blood insulin so high levels of blood glucose and blood insulin may cause cancer.
4. Whole grain, whole fruit and vegetables are rich in antioxidants and other phytochemicals, which may reduce oxidative stress.

Front 78

Fluids (not alcohol) may, if taken in sufficient quantity, may help prevent what?

Back 78

bladder cancer

Front 79

Increased risk of breast cancer is thought to be related to what?

Back 79

Excess food energy, saturated fat, alcohol, sedentary lifestyle, and obesity.

Front 80

Increased risk of colorectal (colon) cancer is thought to be related to what?

Back 80

High intake of fat and saturated fat, higher red meat consumption, alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, low fiber intake.