Principles Of Neural Science (Chapter 3-4)

Front 1

How do neurons differ from other cells of the body

Back 1

Highly polarized
Cell body is usually less than a tenth of cell volume
Cells are excitable

Front 2

How do axons differ from dendrites

Back 2

Dendrites typically are smaller in diameter and shorter in length axons conduct the output of the cell while dendrites conduct the input of the cell(receiving inputs at spines) dendrites contain organelles necessary for protein synthesis

Front 3

When talking about synaptic input what are the trends of inhibitory synapse and excitatory synapse in location

Back 3

Inhibitory usually more close to cell body while excitable ones are further away

Front 4

What cells are responsible for myelin and how do they differ

Back 4

PNS Schwann cells myelin axons and the genes turn on in the presence of axons while in the CNS oligodendrocytes turn on due to the presence of other glia cells like astrocytes

Front 5

MAG

Back 5

Myelin associated protein- major protein associated with mature myelin

Front 6

Importance of the golgi method

Back 6

discovered by Camillo Golgi 1873 but used by Cajal that developed a silver impregnation that allowed microscopic visualization of the neuron and cajal was able to correctly surmise that the neuron exist as a intricate network of individual neurons

Front 7

What are the six regions of the brain and function

Back 7

spinal cord- most caudal part control movements of the limbs and the trunk
, medulla oblongata- vital autonomic functions
, pons (and cerebellum)- conveys information about moving
midbrain- rostral to pons controls many sensory and motor functions
diencephalon- (thalamus process most of the information reaching the cerebral cortex.
and cerebral hemispheres. memory storage coordination

Front 8

what are the four regions of the cerebral cortex and what general functions are localized there

Back 8

frontal- planning for future action and control of movement
parietal- somatic sensation and body image
occupital- vision
and temporal lobes learning memory emotion and hearing

Front 9

unipolar cells

Back 9

single process are characteristics of the invertebrate nervous system

Front 10

bipolar cells

Back 10

two processes the dendrite , the axon

Front 11

multicellular cells

Back 11

which have an axon and many dendritic processes are the most common pyramidal cell, purkinje cell

Front 12

describe how signaling in all neuron

Back 12

input signal (receptor potential)
synaptic potential (in interneuron or motor neuron)
integration signal (c0nDuctioin signal)
output signal

Front 13

what are the three ways in which constituents move within the axon

Back 13

1. fast anterograde (forward moving)
2. slow axoplasmix flow
3. fast retrograde transport

Front 14

Fast anterograde transport depends on....

Back 14

not affected by inhibitors of protein synthesis, but depends more on the filaments that make up the neurons cytoskeleton, fast antergrade transport depends on the microtubule that provide a stationary track in which specific organs move in saltatory fashion

Front 15

the motor molecule for anterograde movement is...

Back 15

kinesin

Front 16

slow anterograde transport

Back 16

There are two classes of slow anterograde transport: slow component a (SCa) that carries mainly microtubules and neurofilaments at 0.1-1 millimeter per day, and slow component b (SCb) that carries over 200 diverse proteins and actin at a rate of up to six millimeters a day.[8] The slow component b, which also carries actin, are transported at a rate of 2-3 mm/day in retinal cell axons.

Front 17

fast retrograde transport

Back 17

Retrograde transport, which is mediated by dynein, sends chemical messages, and endocytosis products headed to endolysosomes from the axon back to the cell.[5] Fast retrograde transport can cover 100-200 millimeters per day.[5]

Front 18

microtubules

Back 18

is the thickest of the neurons cytoskeletal fibers. in the axon they are oriented longitudinally with polarity always in the same direction with the plus end pointing to the axon terminus

Front 19

why was neurofilaments important to the golgi method

Back 19

typically the most abundant fibrillar components in axons and are the bones of the cytoskeleton important because they are the elements that retain silver nitrate first applied by golgi

Front 20

microfilaments

Back 20

the thinnest if the three type they are polar polymers of globular actin monomers wound into two stranded helix they interact with integrin a family of membrane spanning proteins

Front 21

What are the three main signals that can gate channels

Back 21

Voltage, chemical, mechanical

Front 22

What is the measure Of conductance

Back 22

Reciprocal of resistance which provides an electrical measure of ion permeability

Front 23

Ligand and voltage channels enter refractory stages differently describe both

Back 23

Ligand gated channels enter via desensitization when you have an excess of ligands and with voltage gated channels the process is termed deactivation

Front 24

By convention Vm is defined by

Back 24

Vin- Vout and is usually -60 to -70

Front 25

Define
Ion intercellular extracellular nernst
K Na Cl ion of squid giant axon

Back 25

K 400 20 -75
Na 50 440 +55
Cl 52 560 -60
A- 385

Front 26

When a cell has depolarized what processes occur to return it back to resting potential

Back 26

Sodium channels inactivates in a time dependent manner
Delayed opening of k channels increases k efflux until cell depolarizes

Front 27

What are the permeability ratios of the membrane at rest

Back 27

Pk:PNa:pCl 1/0.04/0.45

Front 28

What are the permeability ratios of the membrane at the peak of an action potential

Back 28

1/20/0.45

Front 29

In the equivalent circuit model for the neuron the ion channel represents?

Back 29

Conductor and battery. An ion going through the channel is likely to interact with the sides. Also a difference in ion concentration inside and out the cell creates an electromotive force
Gk=Nk x gk

Front 30

In the equivalent circuit model what does the membrane represent

Back 30

A leaky capacitor where V=q/c a typically capacitance value is 1 uf/cm2

Front 31

I na=

Back 31

Gna x (vm-ena)

Front 32

When you have a stepwise current injection you notice a voltage response that rises and decays more slowly than a step change in current why is that

Back 32

capacitance

Front 33

myelination increases speed of conduction by

Back 33

increasing rm and decreasing cm