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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Drug
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Any chemical substance (usually excluding foods) that alter a biological process in the body; altering normal cellular function, for better or for worse.
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Psychopharmacology
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The study of how drugs affect the brain and behavior and how psychosocial factors affect the action and effect of drugs.
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Psychoactive drug
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substance that affects functioning of cells in the CNS and thereby alters psychological processes (e.g., mood, appetite, movement, learning, sleep, sensation, social behaviour etc...)
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How many names do drugs have?
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3 names:
Chemical name Generic name Trade/brand name e.g., acetyl salacyclic acid (chemical name), A.S.A (generic name) and Asprin (brand name) |
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Functional Classification
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deal with the net neural effects (reducing/increasing neural activity) – has nothing to do with sites and mechanism
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What are the two classification schemes for psychoactive drugs?
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1.) Functional classification: drugs in the class may have different chemical structures but they have the SIMILAR behavioral and conscious effects
2.) Neuro-chemical system affected: different drugs that all affect the same NT, enzyme, protein etc... (e.g., chollinergic drugs) |
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What are the functional Classifications of drugs with at least one example of each class?
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1.) CNS depressants: " the sedatives" - ethyl alcohol, opiates, Canabis
2.) CNS Stimulates -"the psychostimulants" - cocain, caffeine 3.) Anagesics - " Pain killers" - asprin, morphine 4.) Anaesthetics - two types: -topical (the cain's) -systemic: general anesthetics (e.g., alcohol, barbiturates) 5.) Hallucinogens: LSD 25, MDMA 6.) Anxiolytics: relieving anxiety (sedatives) - benzo, barbiturates 7.) Anti-psychotics: "major tranqualizers" - clozapine, haldol 8.) Antidepressants: MAOI, SSRI 9.) Anti-mania drugs - Lithium chloride |
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What are the determinants of drug activity?
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Drug : the neurochemistry of the substance which has a fairly similar reaction on everyone.
SET: psychological expectations and knowledge (correct or incorrect) about the drug and attitudes. SETTING: psychosocial and physical context (medical setting, friends, strangers) |
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Single Blind
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participants randomly assigned to either active or placebo group - but they dont know which one they are in during the study
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Double Blind
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the person administering the drug and participants dont know what group they are in
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What are the drug-host-environment factors?
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1.) Drug factors
2.) Person factors (individual and group differences) 3.) Environmental factors |
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Drug Factors
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-Ease of absorption
-Method of administration -potency/purity of drug -interactions w/ other drugs |
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Person Factors
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-Tolerance and dependence
-Personal experience w/ drug, attitudes, knowledge and expectations - Reason for use -Circadian rhythms:e.g., NT, hormones, sleep deprivation, arousal etc.. -Self medication -explore other realities (artists) -Background mood at the time of use |
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Environmental factors
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-Physical surrounding : familiarity, perceived safety, lab, clinic, home ...
-social surrounding: prerscribed vs. self administered |
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Pharmacokinetics
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-What the body does to the drug!
the movement of the drug though the body availability of the drug breakdown/elimination of the drug |
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Routes of administration
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Oral
Intravenous (I.V.) Intramuscular (I.M.) Intraperitoneal (I.P.) Subcuttaneous (S.C./S.Q.) INhalation I.C.V Intrathecal transdermal intranasal |
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Other factors that contribute to drug activity?
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lipid-solubility
ionization (pk of the drug) food (empty stomach vs. not) gender size fat content blood brain barrier** |
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First order kinetics
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half lives of drugs
half the drug in the body is eliminated during 1 half life -almost all drugs have half lives |
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Zero order kinetics
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constant clearance rate
only drug that we know does this is alcohol.... 1 ounce/100 proof per hr. |
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Pharmacodynamics
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What the drug does to the bodu
the physiological and biochemical interaction of drug molecules with the target tissue |
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Categories of NT
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Amino acids: GABA, Glutamate
Monoamines: Dopamine, serotonin Protiens: Opioids Steroids: testosterone, estradiol |
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Therapeutic index
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TI = LD50/ED50
TI = the dose at which 50% of the pop experience fatal side effects ( respiratory depression(/ the dose at which 50% of the pop experience desired effects (reduced anxiety) |
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DRC (Dose response curve)
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Helps us compare efficacy and potency of drugs
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What the three forms of tolerance?
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1.) metabolic tolerance
- upregulation of drug breaking enzymes increase (e.g., alcoholics develop in their stomach to help the liver out) 2.) pharmacological tolerance - alter the number of proteins available to act on (e.g., cocaine:down regulation, benzo: upregulation 3.)behavioral tolerance: cool phenomenon whereby tolerance to a behavioral effect occurs ONLY if the effect has been experienced during the drug use. |
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Cross tolerance
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Sometimes a tolerance to one drug will also cause a tolerance to other drugs
Only if the drug uses the same NT |
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Withdrawal effect
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The withdrawal effect is exactly opposite of the drug effect
stimulant: tolerance --> withdrawal ---> depression, lethargy, exhaustion depressant:tolerance ---> withdrawal --> hyper-stimulation, over-excitation |
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Side Effect
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are merely real effect of the drug that you dont want at the moment
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List the different drug interactions
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Occlusive: one drug cancels the other
Additive: effects of the two summate linearly (1+1 =2) Synergistic: hyperadditive effects of two drus togehr is more than equal to the sum of the two drugs taken individually (1+1 =5) potentiating: effects of the drug is to make another, norammyl inactive, substance active (e.g., caffine w/ tylenol) |
