Principles Of Learning Ch.1

Front 1

applied behavior analysis

Back 1

A technology of behavior in which basic principles of behavior are applied to real-world issues.

Front 2

behavior

Back 2

Any activity of an organism that can be either directly or indirectly observed.

Front 3

behavior analysis (or experimental analysis of behavior)

Back 3

The behavioral science that grew out of the philosophy of radical behaviorism.

Front 4

behaviorism

Back 4

A natural science approach to psychology that traditionally emphasizes the study of environmental influences on observable behavior.

Front 5

British empiricism

Back 5

almost all knowledge is a function of experience

-Locke

Front 6

cognitive behaviorism

Back 6

-utilizes intervening variables, usually in the form of hypothesized cognitive processes, to help explain behavior

-“purposive behaviorism.”

Front 7

cognitive map

Back 7

The mental representation of one’s spatial surroundings.

Front 8

countercontrol

Back 8

The deliberate manipulation of environmental events so as to alter their impact on our behavior.

Front 9

empiricism

Back 9

The assumption that a person’s characteristics are mostly learned or are the result of experience.

"nurture perspective"

Front 10

functionalism

Back 10

-the mind evolved to help us adapt to the world around us

-focus of psychology should be the study of those adaptive processes

Front 11

introspection

Back 11

The attempt to accurately describe one’s conscious thoughts, emotions, and sensory experiences.

Front 12

latent learning

Back 12

Learning that occurs in the absence of any observable demonstration of learning and only becomes apparent under a different set of conditions.

Front 13

law of contiguity

Back 13

-events that occur in close proximity to each other in time or space are readily associated with each other.

Front 14

law of contrast

Back 14

=events that are opposite are associated

Front 15

law of frequency

Back 15

-the more frequently two items occur together the stronger the assiciation

Front 16

law of parsimony

Back 16

The assumption that simpler explanations for a phenomenon are generally preferable to more complex explanations.

Front 17

law of similarity

Back 17

-events that are similar to each other are associated

Front 18

learning

Back 18

A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from some type of experience.

Front 19

methodological behaviorism

Back 19

study only those behaviors that can be directly observed

Front 20

mind–body dualism

Back 20

Descartes’ philosophical assumption that some human behaviors are bodily reflexes that are automatically elicited by external stimulation, while other behaviors are freely chosen and controlled by the mind.

Front 21

nativism

Back 21

The assumption that a person’s characteristics are largely inborn.

"nature perspective"

Front 22

neobehaviorism

Back 22

-utilizes intervening variables, in the form of hypothesized physiological processes, to help explain behavior.

Front 23

radical behaviorism

Back 23

-emphasizes the influence of the environment on overt behavior

-rejects the use of internal events to explain behavior

-views thoughts and feelings as behaviors that themselves need to be explained

Front 24

reciprocal determinism

Back 24

The assumption that environmental events, observable behavior, and “person variables” (which include internal events) reciprocally influence each other.

Front 25

S-R theory

Back 25

The theory that learning involves the establishment of a connection between a specific stimulus (S) and a specific response (R).

Front 26

social learning theory

Back 26

observational learning+ cognitive variables= explaining human behavior

-“social-cognitive theory.”

Front 27

structuralism

Back 27

An approach to psychology holding that it is possible to determine the structure of the mind by identifying the basic elements of which it is composed.