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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Examples of threatened and endangered species (since 2000)
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-Baija River Dolphin
-W African Black Rhino -Golden Toad -Holdridges Toad -Spix Macaw -Po'o-uli -Hawaiian Crow -Pyrenian Ibex |
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When was the Western Black Rhino declared extinct?
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November 2013
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How many Javan rhinos are left in the wild?
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44
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Date of the Committee on Rare and Endangered Wildlife Species? First list was called?
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-1964
-Redbook |
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Date of the Endangered Species Conservation Act?
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1969
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Date of the Endangered Species Act?
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1973
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Endangered species are...
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a species in danger of becoming extinct throughout all or a portion of its environment.
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Threatened species are...
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a species likely to become endangered throughout all or a portion of its environment.
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Who can list endangered or threatened species?
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-Secretary of Interior (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service)
-Secretary of Commerce (National Marine Fisheries Service) |
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Endangered Species Act requires federal agencies, in consultation with the FWS, to ensure that actions they authorize, fund, or carry out are NOT:
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-Likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any listed species
-Result in negative impacts to designated critical habitats to such species |
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Critical habitats are...
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geographic areas and ecosystems essential for the survival of a listed species
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Endangered Species Act prohibits...
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-Any action that causes a "taking" of any listed species
-Import, export, interstate, or foreign commerce of listed species |
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CITES:
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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wildlife Fauna and Flora (rhino poached of horns, violation of CITES)
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What is the most endangered mammal in the world?
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-White rhino, extinct in the wild
-2011 population: 5 male, 2 female |
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What species was thought to be entirely extinct until a small population was discovered in Wyoming?
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Black-footed ferret
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What species had 22 remaining individuals in the wild in 1987?
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-California condor
-As of 2012: 405 (226 in wild) |
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ESA successes:
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-American Alligator (1987)
-Eastern N Pacific Grey Whale (1994) -Brown Pelican (delisted due to ban on DDT) -Maguire Daisy (2011) -Red Kangaroo (1995) -Bald Eagle (2007) |
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Bald eagles and golden eagles are protected under...
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The Bald Eagle Protection Act
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A habitat is...
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A place where an organism lives, including abiotic and biotic characteristics.
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Habitat classifications:
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-Terrestrial (vegetation characteristics)
-Aquatic (structural characteristics) |
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Major forms of terrestrial vegetation
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Biomes are...
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large regions characterized by a type of vegetation
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Types of Biomes
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rainforest, temperate deciduous forest, taiga or boreal forest, chaparral, grassland, savanna, desert, tundra, and polar ice cap.
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Major biomes in New Mexico:
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-Alpine tundra
-Montane coniferous forest -Temperate deciduous forest -Temperate grassland -Chaparral -Desert |
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Tundra:
(Where, Climate, Vegetation, Wildlife) |
-Arctic: far north, Alpine: high elevation
-Cold -Mostly herbaceous, few woody -Simple food chains, migratory or special adaptations for winter |
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Boreal forest:
(Where, Climate, Vegetation, Wildlife) |
-Far north, below tundra (alpine)
-Warmer and more precipitation, soil thaws -Coniferous trees -Many birds use in summer, many mammals (boreal owl, American marten) |
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Deciduous forest:
(Where, Climate, Vegetation, Wildlife) |
-South of boreal zone (NM-riparian zone)
-High precipitation, warm/humid summer; cool winter -Diverse & dense vegetation -Important game species, many migratory birds |
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Grassland:
(Where, Climate, Vegetation, Wildlife) |
-Center of continent; between deciduous & desert
-Low rain; hot summer, cool winter -Grasses -Grazers, adaptations to no tree cover (burrows) |
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Desert:
(Where, Climate, Vegetation, Wildlife) |
-Continental interior & rain shadow behind mountains
-Evaporation>Precipitation -Sparse vegetation -Special adaptations to arid environments (nocturnal) |
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Chaparral:
(Where, Climate, Vegetation, Wildlife) |
-Coastal in temperate zone
-Stable (ideal) -Fire--Disclimax shrubs/trees -(California quail, California mule deer) |
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Major freshwater types of aquatic biomes:
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Lentic and lotic
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Lentic systems are...
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standing water habitats with little unidirectional water flow
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Types of lentic systems:
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-Natural lakes
-Impoundments: Ponds, small impoundments, and reservoirs -Other: Excavations |
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Oligotrophic means...
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low in nutrients
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Eutrophic means...
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high in nutrients
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Lentic system habitat zones:
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Littoral and limnetic (photic), profunal, benthic
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Photic:
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Light penetrates
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Littoral zone:
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Vegetation
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Limnetic zone:
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Over deep water
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Profunal:
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Unlighted
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Benthic zone:
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Bottom surface
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Thermal stratification:
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(Summer layers)
-Epilimnion -Thermocline -Hypolimnion |
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Epilimnion:
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Warm lighter water
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Thermocline:
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Prevents mixing
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Hypolimnion:
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Cool heavy water, often low in oxygen
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Fall overturn:
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when the layers are able to mix; same temperature as the hypolimnion
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Winter inverse stratification:
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Ice cover, then layers of water
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Spring overturn:
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Similar to fall overturn
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Lotic systems are...
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flowing water systems with strong unidirectional water flow
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Characteristics of lotic systems:
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-More uniform oxygen/temperature
-Shallower -Bottom less stable -Nutrients must be replaced -Productivity tied to terrestrial productivity |
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Lotic habitat types:
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-Riffles
-Pools -Runs -Backwater -Erosional zone -Depositional zone |
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Types of transitional habitats (terrestrial-aquatic):
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-Riparian zone (lotic)
-Shorelines of lentic systems -Beaches -Wetlands (coastal wetlands, marshes, bogs, swamps) |
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Estuary:
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place where a river enters the ocean
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Characteristics of estuarine:
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-Transition between fresh & salt water
-Extreme fluctuation in salinity -Salt wedge -High productivity |
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Habitat degradation:
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Human-induced changes that are negative in relation to native/desirable communities
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Major kinds of habitat degradation:
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-Air pollution
-Water pollution -Urbanization -Agriculture -Logging -Wetland loss -Habitat fragmentation -Channelization -Introduced organisms |
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Type of air pollution:
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Acid deposition (acid rain)
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pH scale:
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-Measures hydrogen ion concentration
-7 is neutral, below 7 is acidic, above 7 is alkaline |
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Causes of acid deposition:
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-Burning of fossil fuels
-Sulfur & nitrogen oxides released into atmosphere -Combine with water vapor-->sulfuric acid and nitric acid -Acidic precipitation falls to earth |
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Effects of acid deposition on aquatic habitats:
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-Reduced reproduction and survival in aquatic organisms
-Affect nutrient cycling -Release toxic heavy metals |
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Effects of acid deposition on terrestrial habitats:
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-Alter soil chemistry-->plant roots
-Essential minerals wash out -Heavy metals dissolve-->absorbed by roots in toxic amounts |
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Acid deposition has more sever impacts on areas with...
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low pH (forests)
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Acid deposition causes how much damage in the U.S. annually?
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$5 billion
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Cause of global climate change:
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-Release of greenhouse gas (e.g. CO2) in the forms of burning fossil fuels and deforestation
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Global temperature due to global climate change:
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-Last decade warmest on record
-1.5F increase since 1880 |
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CO2 concentrations due to global climate change:
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Highest in last 650,000 years
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Arctic sea ice due to global climate change:
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-Lose 11.5% per decade
-2007 lowest extent on record |
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Land ice due to global climate change:
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-Lose 24 cubic miles/year
-Greenland ice loss doubled 1994-2005 |
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Sea level due to global climate change:
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Global average sea level 4-8 inches over last century (3.3 mm/year)
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Glaciers due to global climate change:
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Slowly shrinking and disappearing
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Weather and ocean due to global climate change:
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-Extreme weather events
-Ocean acidification (carbonic acid) |
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The ozone layer...
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provides shield against ultraviolet radiation
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Causes of ozone layer depletion:
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-Use of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) in air conditioners, refrigerators, and aerosol cans
-CFCs release chlorine with speed breakdown of O3 to O2 |
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Effects of ozone layer depletion:
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-To humans: skin cancer, eye cataracts, suppressed immune system, declines in agricultural production
-Retards plant growth -Reduced reproduction/survival -Add to global warming |
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Causes of oxygen-demanding waste (water pollution):
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-Biodegradable organic wastes
-Aerobic decomposers-use of oxygen -Anaerobic decomposers-release toxic substances |
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Effects of oxygen-demanding waste (water pollution):
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-Reduced reproduction, growth, survival
-Spread disease |
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Causes of sedimentation (water pollution):
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-Water-insoluble particles erode into water
-Natural causes -Human activities (roads, agriculture, livestock, logging) |
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Effects of sedimentation (water pollution):
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-Smother bottom-dwelling organisms
-Reduce water depth -Clog gills -Reduce light penetration -Transport excess nutrients, toxic metals, pesticides, herbicides |
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Causes of organic chemicals (water pollution):
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Oil, pesticides, detergents, gasoline
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Effects of organic chemicals (water pollution):
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-Cancer
-Added nutrients -Toxic -Coat bodies |
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Causes of inorganic chemicals (water pollution):
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-Mining--toxic metals, acids
-Agriculture--salts, nitrogens, phosphorous -Many others |
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Effects of inorganic chemicals (water pollution):
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-Excess nutrients-->excess algae/plants
-Reduce reproduction and survival |
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Causes of heat (water pollution):
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-Industrial cooling
-Reservoir releases |
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Effects of heat (water pollution):
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-Alters native fauna
-May lack oxygen |
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Causes of urbanization:
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-Human population growth
-Growth of cities |
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Effects of urbanization:
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-Loss of habitat
-Change in communities -Fragments habitats -Aquatic habitats severely affected -Change in climate -Negative wildlife-human interactions |
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Habitat degradation-agriculture:
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-Vast areas of temperate grassland & forest converted
-Soil erosion -Fertilizers and pesticides -Ground water depletion -Monoculture reduces diversity encourages disease/pests |
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Habitat degradation-livestock:
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-Reduce numbers and biomass of nutritious plants
-Destruction of riparian zones and steam beds -Increased erosion -Invasion of pests -Competition with wildlife |
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Habitat degradation-logging:
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-Impact related to scope and kind of logging
-Conversion to monoculture forest-reduces diversity -Habitat fragmentation -Soil erosion -Stream warming & destruction -Increased roads (increase erosion, stream damage, human access) -Fire suppression |
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Habitat degradation-wetland loss:
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-Viewed as wastelands (most productive & important)
-Loss of habitat -Increase disease outbreak -Reduced water purification |
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Habitat destruction causes...
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habitat fragmentation
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Purpose of channelization:
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Improve shipping or move water more rapidly
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Methods of channelization:
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Dredging, straightening, snag removal, etc.
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Effects of channelization:
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-Loss of habitat
-Dams change habitat & form barriers |
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Causes of introduced species:
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-Natural range expansion
-Intentional introductions -Accidental escape |
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The Commons:
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-Resources owned by everyone
-Activities on private land can impact the Commons or other peoples' private property |
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Issues of the Commons:
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-Should a person be able to do whatever they want on private property (without regards to other peoples rights?)
-U.S. law says no one has right to use property in a way that causes harm to other peoples rights |
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The Takings:
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Idea held by some private property owners that laws that are intending to protect the Commons (and other peoples private property) take away property rights & if these laws are enforced, they should be compensated.
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Goal of habitat management:
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Change habitat (improve/degrade) in order to manipulate animal populations or communities
-Needs focal species -Increasing/maintaining biodiversity |
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General methods of habitat management:
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-Add/remove natural structures
-Add/remove artificial structures -Modify ecological succession |
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Major approaches to terrestrial habitat management:
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-Food
-Cover -Water |
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Methods of food production:
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-Propagation
-Release -Protection |
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Propagation:
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Plant seeds or transplant seeds
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Release:
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Reduce undesirable competitive plants
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Methods of release:
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-Mechanical
-Chemical -Burning |
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Benefits of prescribed burns:
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-Remove dead vegetation
-Free nutrients -Reduce invaders/encourage natives -Earlier green up |
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Types of prescribed burns:
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Reclamation burn and maintenance burn
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Reclamation burn:
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Convert damaged vegetation to healthier conditions
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Maintenance burn:
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Used as regular management practice to maintain conditions
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Backfire:
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Burn slower and more thoroughly
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Headfire:
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Burn rapid and less thoroughly
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Protection:
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-Protect plants from herbivores until mature
-Usually use fencing |
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Examples of cover development:
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-Plant or protect cover of plants
-Protect snags -Artificial nests -Exclude livestock -Build islands |
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Methods of water development:
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-Use where water is limited
-Enhance natural sources -Create new water |
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Major methods of lentic habitat management:
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-Dissolved oxygen
-Water level -Aquatic vegetation control -Terrestrial landscaping -Fertilization -Artificial structures |
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Winterkill:
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Ice causes loss of oxygen, increase toxins (more common in eutrophic waters)
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Methods of managing winterkill:
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-Reduce nutrient/sediment inputs
-Aeration systems (open water allows light penetration) -Manage as marginal water |
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Summerkill:
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Algal bloom death causes loss of oxygen (also low CO2 in hypolimnion)
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Method of managing summerkill:
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Aeration systems (prevent stratification)
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Draw-downs:
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-Use when stunted prey (concentrates predator & prey)
-Release nutrients in bottom-oxidation -Improve water clarity-compacts silt -Increase food/cover-terrestrial vegetation |
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Flooding:
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-Improve food/cover
-Increase water clarity -Dredging to deepen |
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Aquatic vegetation control:
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Need to maintain some vegetation (30%)
|
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Methods of aquatic vegetation control:
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-Don't build shallow lakes
-Mechanical -Chemical (temporary, expensive) -Biological (grass carp) |
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Mechanical methods of aquatic vegetation control:
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-Raking
-Harvesters -Dredging -Plastic sheeting -Winter drawdowns |
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Other methods of aquatic habitat management:
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-Terrestrial landscaping (reduces erosion, increases shade)
-Fertilization (increase k, use in areas with infertile soils that stay warm) -Artificial structures (creates fish cover) |
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Purposes of regulations:
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-Controlling overexploitation
-Achieve a particular management goal -Make resources available to more users -Psychological needs -Social/political concerns |
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Fishery regulations:
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-Usually include both number & size limits
-Can be released -Densities higher -Indeterminate growth-different sized individuals -Management units can be small |
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Wildlife regulations:
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-Usually include number limits
-Can not be released -Densities lower -Determinate growth-same-sized individuals -Need large management units |
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Aspects that can be managed:
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-Who
-What -Where -When -How |
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Regulating who, means of limiting take:
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-Resident only
-Hunter education certificate -Children only hunting/fishing areas -Limiting number of licenses |
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Regulating who, means of encouraging use:
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-Reduce fees for minors
-Reduced fees for senior citizens -Landowner benefits (reduced cost, increased portion of lottery) -Special considerations for persons with disabilities -Reduced fees for nonresident military & students |
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Regulating what:
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-By species
-By number -Lottery/drawing -Quotas -Creel/bag/possession limits -Point system -Lifetime limit -By sex -By size |
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By species:
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-Generally, non game & endangered species may not be harvested
-Take species with low population may be limited -Depends on location |
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By number:
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Set number of permits by area/unit
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Lottery/drawing:
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When demand exceeds permits available
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Quotas:
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-Allow harvest of set proportion of population
-Often difficult, expensive -Set permits per unit often equal to quota |
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Creel/bag/possession limits:
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-Must be very restrictive to prevent over harvest
-Usually set for political/social reasons -Can be used to distribute harvest equally & extend season -Reduce waste -Adds a perceived value |
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Point system:
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-Used for migratory waterfowl
-Various species worth different points, must stop when reach certain point total -Allows knowledgable hunters to take more common species -Allows reduction of excess males |
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By sex:
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-Species must be dimorphic
-Common in polygynous wildlife species -If male only-allows large harvests without hurting reproduction -Monogamous species must be managed more carefully |
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By size:
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(common in fisheries)
-Minimum length limits (release all under set limit) -Protected slot length limit (release all within set limit) -Reverse slot length -Reverse length limit -Catch & release (provide trophy fish opportunities) |
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Appearance restrictions:
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-By antler/horn structure
-Used in wildlife -Used to increase proportion of trophy animals (theoretically) -Could negatively impact genetics |
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Regulating when:
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-Time of year
-Time of day -After sunrise, before sunset |
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Time of year:
|
-Usually restricts harvest to fall/winter when populations are at a high
-Protects breeding/spawning season -Reduces take -May be political/social -Can get reduction of harvest if close season during peak harvest activity times |
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Time of day:
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-Half-day hunts
-Reduces take -Reduces harassment |
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After sunrise, before sunset:
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Waterfowl most vulnerable before sunrise & after sunset
|
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Regulating when:
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-Sanctuaries
-Hunting units -Trespass -Safety units |
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Sanctuaries:
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-Areas off limits to hunting
-Used for waterfowl-can increases harvest on adjacent lands -Used for commercial marine fisheries |
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Hunting units:
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-Used where limited number permits
-Allows regulation of areas differently |
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Trespass:
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Legality of hunting on unmarked private land varies
|
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Safety issues:
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Shooting from roads, over roads, near houses
|
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Regulating how:
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-Some methods more efficient or more accessible than others
-Terminal tackle restrictions -Number of poles, lines, hooks, snagging -Weapon type and specifications -Use of "help" (dogs, boats, lights, baits, calls) |
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The Lacey Act (1900):
(directed at the biota) |
-The Game and Wild Bird Preservation Act 1900
-Regulates interstate transport of illegally killed animals -Regulates international commerce in protected organisms -Prohibits importation of injurious species into US |
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Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918):
(directed at the biota) |
-US law to implement the Migratory Bird Treaty
-Made migratory birds under federal law -Supreme court upheld |
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Other laws:
(directed at the biota) |
-Bald Eagle Protection Act (1940)
-Marine Mammal Protection Act (1972) -Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act (1980) -Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (1934) |
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Laws towards migratory bird habitats and wetlands:
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-Migratory Bird Conservation Act (1929)
-Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (1934) -Accelerated Wetlands Acquisition Act (1961) -North American Waterfowl Conservation Act (1989) |
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Laws towards the environment:
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-National Environmental Policy Act (1969)
-Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act (1972) -Toxic Substances Control Act (1976) -Clean Water Act (1977) |
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National Environmental Policy Act:
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-Established Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Council on Environmental Quality
-Requires environmental impact statements (EIS) for all projects receiving federal funds |
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Financial aid to states:
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-Pittman-Robertson Act (1937)
-Dingell-Johnson Act (1950) |
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Pittman-Robertson Act:
|
-Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act
-11% tax on firearms and ammunition -Proceeds for use by states for wildlife restoration and management -Amendments include handguns and bow/arrows, some goes to hunter's safety |
|
Dingell-Johnson Act:
|
-Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act
-Importance of PR and DJ Acts -Provide additional funds (from users of resources) to support resource -Protects state license fees from diversion -Provides incentive to states to develop projects |
|
Management of federal lands laws:
|
-Taylor Grazing Act (1934)
-Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act (1960) -Public Rangeland Improvement Act (1978) -National Forest Management Act (1976) -Wilderness Act (1964) |
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Multiple Use-Sustained Yield:
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-Legal basis for multiple use on National Forest Land
-Classification and Multiple Use Act (1964) similar but applies to BLM lands |
|
Public Rangeland Improvement Act:
|
-Improvement of federal lands to comply with NEPA and maintain diversity of native species
-Federal Land Policy and Management Act (1976)- similar but aimed at BLM |
|
Retirement of Agricultural Lands:
|
-Soil Bank Act (1956)
-Food Security Act [Farm Bill] (1985, 1990) -Water Bank Program (1972) |
|
Food Security Act [Farm Bill] (1985, 1990):
|
-Created Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) that provides funds to landowners who take highly erodible land out of production
-Swampbuster Provision -Sodbuster Provision |
|
Water Bank Program:
|
10-year agreements to protect wetlands and plant adjacent cover
|