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166 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Examples of threatened and endangered species (since 2000)
-Baija River Dolphin
-W African Black Rhino
-Golden Toad
-Holdridges Toad
-Spix Macaw
-Po'o-uli
-Hawaiian Crow
-Pyrenian Ibex
When was the Western Black Rhino declared extinct?
November 2013
How many Javan rhinos are left in the wild?
44
Date of the Committee on Rare and Endangered Wildlife Species? First list was called?
-1964
-Redbook
Date of the Endangered Species Conservation Act?
1969
Date of the Endangered Species Act?
1973
Endangered species are...
a species in danger of becoming extinct throughout all or a portion of its environment.
Threatened species are...
a species likely to become endangered throughout all or a portion of its environment.
Who can list endangered or threatened species?
-Secretary of Interior (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service)
-Secretary of Commerce (National Marine Fisheries Service)
Endangered Species Act requires federal agencies, in consultation with the FWS, to ensure that actions they authorize, fund, or carry out are NOT:
-Likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any listed species
-Result in negative impacts to designated critical habitats to such species
Critical habitats are...
geographic areas and ecosystems essential for the survival of a listed species
Endangered Species Act prohibits...
-Any action that causes a "taking" of any listed species
-Import, export, interstate, or foreign commerce of listed species
CITES:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wildlife Fauna and Flora (rhino poached of horns, violation of CITES)
What is the most endangered mammal in the world?
-White rhino, extinct in the wild
-2011 population: 5 male, 2 female
What species was thought to be entirely extinct until a small population was discovered in Wyoming?
Black-footed ferret
What species had 22 remaining individuals in the wild in 1987?
-California condor
-As of 2012: 405 (226 in wild)
ESA successes:
-American Alligator (1987)
-Eastern N Pacific Grey Whale (1994)
-Brown Pelican (delisted due to ban on DDT)
-Maguire Daisy (2011)
-Red Kangaroo (1995)
-Bald Eagle (2007)
Bald eagles and golden eagles are protected under...
The Bald Eagle Protection Act
A habitat is...
A place where an organism lives, including abiotic and biotic characteristics.
Habitat classifications:
-Terrestrial (vegetation characteristics)
-Aquatic (structural characteristics)
Major forms of terrestrial vegetation
Biomes are...
large regions characterized by a type of vegetation
Types of Biomes
rainforest, temperate deciduous forest, taiga or boreal forest, chaparral, grassland, savanna, desert, tundra, and polar ice cap.
Major biomes in New Mexico:
-Alpine tundra
-Montane coniferous forest
-Temperate deciduous forest
-Temperate grassland
-Chaparral
-Desert
Tundra:
(Where, Climate, Vegetation, Wildlife)
-Arctic: far north, Alpine: high elevation
-Cold
-Mostly herbaceous, few woody
-Simple food chains, migratory or special adaptations for winter
Boreal forest:
(Where, Climate, Vegetation, Wildlife)
-Far north, below tundra (alpine)
-Warmer and more precipitation, soil thaws
-Coniferous trees
-Many birds use in summer, many mammals (boreal owl, American marten)
Deciduous forest:
(Where, Climate, Vegetation, Wildlife)
-South of boreal zone (NM-riparian zone)
-High precipitation, warm/humid summer; cool winter
-Diverse & dense vegetation
-Important game species, many migratory birds
Grassland:
(Where, Climate, Vegetation, Wildlife)
-Center of continent; between deciduous & desert
-Low rain; hot summer, cool winter
-Grasses
-Grazers, adaptations to no tree cover (burrows)
Desert:
(Where, Climate, Vegetation, Wildlife)
-Continental interior & rain shadow behind mountains
-Evaporation>Precipitation
-Sparse vegetation
-Special adaptations to arid environments (nocturnal)
Chaparral:
(Where, Climate, Vegetation, Wildlife)
-Coastal in temperate zone
-Stable (ideal)
-Fire--Disclimax shrubs/trees
-(California quail, California mule deer)
Major freshwater types of aquatic biomes:
Lentic and lotic
Lentic systems are...
standing water habitats with little unidirectional water flow
Types of lentic systems:
-Natural lakes
-Impoundments: Ponds, small impoundments, and reservoirs
-Other: Excavations
Oligotrophic means...
low in nutrients
Eutrophic means...
high in nutrients
Lentic system habitat zones:
Littoral and limnetic (photic), profunal, benthic
Photic:
Light penetrates
Littoral zone:
Vegetation
Limnetic zone:
Over deep water
Profunal:
Unlighted
Benthic zone:
Bottom surface
Thermal stratification:
(Summer layers)
-Epilimnion
-Thermocline
-Hypolimnion
Epilimnion:
Warm lighter water
Thermocline:
Prevents mixing
Hypolimnion:
Cool heavy water, often low in oxygen
Fall overturn:
when the layers are able to mix; same temperature as the hypolimnion
Winter inverse stratification:
Ice cover, then layers of water
Spring overturn:
Similar to fall overturn
Lotic systems are...
flowing water systems with strong unidirectional water flow
Characteristics of lotic systems:
-More uniform oxygen/temperature
-Shallower
-Bottom less stable
-Nutrients must be replaced
-Productivity tied to terrestrial productivity
Lotic habitat types:
-Riffles
-Pools
-Runs
-Backwater
-Erosional zone
-Depositional zone
Types of transitional habitats (terrestrial-aquatic):
-Riparian zone (lotic)
-Shorelines of lentic systems
-Beaches
-Wetlands (coastal wetlands, marshes, bogs, swamps)
Estuary:
place where a river enters the ocean
Characteristics of estuarine:
-Transition between fresh & salt water
-Extreme fluctuation in salinity
-Salt wedge
-High productivity
Habitat degradation:
Human-induced changes that are negative in relation to native/desirable communities
Major kinds of habitat degradation:
-Air pollution
-Water pollution
-Urbanization
-Agriculture
-Logging
-Wetland loss
-Habitat fragmentation
-Channelization
-Introduced organisms
Type of air pollution:
Acid deposition (acid rain)
pH scale:
-Measures hydrogen ion concentration
-7 is neutral, below 7 is acidic, above 7 is alkaline
Causes of acid deposition:
-Burning of fossil fuels
-Sulfur & nitrogen oxides released into atmosphere
-Combine with water vapor-->sulfuric acid and nitric acid
-Acidic precipitation falls to earth
Effects of acid deposition on aquatic habitats:
-Reduced reproduction and survival in aquatic organisms
-Affect nutrient cycling
-Release toxic heavy metals
Effects of acid deposition on terrestrial habitats:
-Alter soil chemistry-->plant roots
-Essential minerals wash out
-Heavy metals dissolve-->absorbed by roots in toxic amounts
Acid deposition has more sever impacts on areas with...
low pH (forests)
Acid deposition causes how much damage in the U.S. annually?
$5 billion
Cause of global climate change:
-Release of greenhouse gas (e.g. CO2) in the forms of burning fossil fuels and deforestation
Global temperature due to global climate change:
-Last decade warmest on record
-1.5F increase since 1880
CO2 concentrations due to global climate change:
Highest in last 650,000 years
Arctic sea ice due to global climate change:
-Lose 11.5% per decade
-2007 lowest extent on record
Land ice due to global climate change:
-Lose 24 cubic miles/year
-Greenland ice loss doubled 1994-2005
Sea level due to global climate change:
Global average sea level 4-8 inches over last century (3.3 mm/year)
Glaciers due to global climate change:
Slowly shrinking and disappearing
Weather and ocean due to global climate change:
-Extreme weather events
-Ocean acidification (carbonic acid)
The ozone layer...
provides shield against ultraviolet radiation
Causes of ozone layer depletion:
-Use of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) in air conditioners, refrigerators, and aerosol cans
-CFCs release chlorine with speed breakdown of O3 to O2
Effects of ozone layer depletion:
-To humans: skin cancer, eye cataracts, suppressed immune system, declines in agricultural production
-Retards plant growth
-Reduced reproduction/survival
-Add to global warming
Causes of oxygen-demanding waste (water pollution):
-Biodegradable organic wastes
-Aerobic decomposers-use of oxygen
-Anaerobic decomposers-release toxic substances
Effects of oxygen-demanding waste (water pollution):
-Reduced reproduction, growth, survival
-Spread disease
Causes of sedimentation (water pollution):
-Water-insoluble particles erode into water
-Natural causes
-Human activities (roads, agriculture, livestock, logging)
Effects of sedimentation (water pollution):
-Smother bottom-dwelling organisms
-Reduce water depth
-Clog gills
-Reduce light penetration
-Transport excess nutrients, toxic metals, pesticides, herbicides
Causes of organic chemicals (water pollution):
Oil, pesticides, detergents, gasoline
Effects of organic chemicals (water pollution):
-Cancer
-Added nutrients
-Toxic
-Coat bodies
Causes of inorganic chemicals (water pollution):
-Mining--toxic metals, acids
-Agriculture--salts, nitrogens, phosphorous
-Many others
Effects of inorganic chemicals (water pollution):
-Excess nutrients-->excess algae/plants
-Reduce reproduction and survival
Causes of heat (water pollution):
-Industrial cooling
-Reservoir releases
Effects of heat (water pollution):
-Alters native fauna
-May lack oxygen
Causes of urbanization:
-Human population growth
-Growth of cities
Effects of urbanization:
-Loss of habitat
-Change in communities
-Fragments habitats
-Aquatic habitats severely affected
-Change in climate
-Negative wildlife-human interactions
Habitat degradation-agriculture:
-Vast areas of temperate grassland & forest converted
-Soil erosion
-Fertilizers and pesticides
-Ground water depletion
-Monoculture reduces diversity encourages disease/pests
Habitat degradation-livestock:
-Reduce numbers and biomass of nutritious plants
-Destruction of riparian zones and steam beds
-Increased erosion
-Invasion of pests
-Competition with wildlife
Habitat degradation-logging:
-Impact related to scope and kind of logging
-Conversion to monoculture forest-reduces diversity
-Habitat fragmentation
-Soil erosion
-Stream warming & destruction
-Increased roads (increase erosion, stream damage, human access)
-Fire suppression
Habitat degradation-wetland loss:
-Viewed as wastelands (most productive & important)
-Loss of habitat
-Increase disease outbreak
-Reduced water purification
Habitat destruction causes...
habitat fragmentation
Purpose of channelization:
Improve shipping or move water more rapidly
Methods of channelization:
Dredging, straightening, snag removal, etc.
Effects of channelization:
-Loss of habitat
-Dams change habitat & form barriers
Causes of introduced species:
-Natural range expansion
-Intentional introductions
-Accidental escape
The Commons:
-Resources owned by everyone
-Activities on private land can impact the Commons or other peoples' private property
Issues of the Commons:
-Should a person be able to do whatever they want on private property (without regards to other peoples rights?)
-U.S. law says no one has right to use property in a way that causes harm to other peoples rights
The Takings:
Idea held by some private property owners that laws that are intending to protect the Commons (and other peoples private property) take away property rights & if these laws are enforced, they should be compensated.
Goal of habitat management:
Change habitat (improve/degrade) in order to manipulate animal populations or communities

-Needs focal species
-Increasing/maintaining biodiversity
General methods of habitat management:
-Add/remove natural structures
-Add/remove artificial structures
-Modify ecological succession
Major approaches to terrestrial habitat management:
-Food
-Cover
-Water
Methods of food production:
-Propagation
-Release
-Protection
Propagation:
Plant seeds or transplant seeds
Release:
Reduce undesirable competitive plants
Methods of release:
-Mechanical
-Chemical
-Burning
Benefits of prescribed burns:
-Remove dead vegetation
-Free nutrients
-Reduce invaders/encourage natives
-Earlier green up
Types of prescribed burns:
Reclamation burn and maintenance burn
Reclamation burn:
Convert damaged vegetation to healthier conditions
Maintenance burn:
Used as regular management practice to maintain conditions
Backfire:
Burn slower and more thoroughly
Headfire:
Burn rapid and less thoroughly
Protection:
-Protect plants from herbivores until mature
-Usually use fencing
Examples of cover development:
-Plant or protect cover of plants
-Protect snags
-Artificial nests
-Exclude livestock
-Build islands
Methods of water development:
-Use where water is limited
-Enhance natural sources
-Create new water
Major methods of lentic habitat management:
-Dissolved oxygen
-Water level
-Aquatic vegetation control
-Terrestrial landscaping
-Fertilization
-Artificial structures
Winterkill:
Ice causes loss of oxygen, increase toxins (more common in eutrophic waters)
Methods of managing winterkill:
-Reduce nutrient/sediment inputs
-Aeration systems (open water allows light penetration)
-Manage as marginal water
Summerkill:
Algal bloom death causes loss of oxygen (also low CO2 in hypolimnion)
Method of managing summerkill:
Aeration systems (prevent stratification)
Draw-downs:
-Use when stunted prey (concentrates predator & prey)
-Release nutrients in bottom-oxidation
-Improve water clarity-compacts silt
-Increase food/cover-terrestrial vegetation
Flooding:
-Improve food/cover
-Increase water clarity
-Dredging to deepen
Aquatic vegetation control:
Need to maintain some vegetation (30%)
Methods of aquatic vegetation control:
-Don't build shallow lakes
-Mechanical
-Chemical (temporary, expensive)
-Biological (grass carp)
Mechanical methods of aquatic vegetation control:
-Raking
-Harvesters
-Dredging
-Plastic sheeting
-Winter drawdowns
Other methods of aquatic habitat management:
-Terrestrial landscaping (reduces erosion, increases shade)
-Fertilization (increase k, use in areas with infertile soils that stay warm)
-Artificial structures (creates fish cover)
Purposes of regulations:
-Controlling overexploitation
-Achieve a particular management goal
-Make resources available to more users
-Psychological needs
-Social/political concerns
Fishery regulations:
-Usually include both number & size limits
-Can be released
-Densities higher
-Indeterminate growth-different sized individuals
-Management units can be small
Wildlife regulations:
-Usually include number limits
-Can not be released
-Densities lower
-Determinate growth-same-sized individuals
-Need large management units
Aspects that can be managed:
-Who
-What
-Where
-When
-How
Regulating who, means of limiting take:
-Resident only
-Hunter education certificate
-Children only hunting/fishing areas
-Limiting number of licenses
Regulating who, means of encouraging use:
-Reduce fees for minors
-Reduced fees for senior citizens
-Landowner benefits (reduced cost, increased portion of lottery)
-Special considerations for persons with disabilities
-Reduced fees for nonresident military & students
Regulating what:
-By species
-By number
-Lottery/drawing
-Quotas
-Creel/bag/possession limits
-Point system
-Lifetime limit
-By sex
-By size
By species:
-Generally, non game & endangered species may not be harvested
-Take species with low population may be limited
-Depends on location
By number:
Set number of permits by area/unit
Lottery/drawing:
When demand exceeds permits available
Quotas:
-Allow harvest of set proportion of population
-Often difficult, expensive
-Set permits per unit often equal to quota
Creel/bag/possession limits:
-Must be very restrictive to prevent over harvest
-Usually set for political/social reasons
-Can be used to distribute harvest equally & extend season
-Reduce waste
-Adds a perceived value
Point system:
-Used for migratory waterfowl
-Various species worth different points, must stop when reach certain point total
-Allows knowledgable hunters to take more common species
-Allows reduction of excess males
By sex:
-Species must be dimorphic
-Common in polygynous wildlife species
-If male only-allows large harvests without hurting reproduction
-Monogamous species must be managed more carefully
By size:
(common in fisheries)
-Minimum length limits (release all under set limit)
-Protected slot length limit (release all within set limit)
-Reverse slot length
-Reverse length limit
-Catch & release (provide trophy fish opportunities)
Appearance restrictions:
-By antler/horn structure
-Used in wildlife
-Used to increase proportion of trophy animals (theoretically)
-Could negatively impact genetics
Regulating when:
-Time of year
-Time of day
-After sunrise, before sunset
Time of year:
-Usually restricts harvest to fall/winter when populations are at a high
-Protects breeding/spawning season
-Reduces take
-May be political/social
-Can get reduction of harvest if close season during peak harvest activity times
Time of day:
-Half-day hunts
-Reduces take
-Reduces harassment
After sunrise, before sunset:
Waterfowl most vulnerable before sunrise & after sunset
Regulating when:
-Sanctuaries
-Hunting units
-Trespass
-Safety units
Sanctuaries:
-Areas off limits to hunting
-Used for waterfowl-can increases harvest on adjacent lands
-Used for commercial marine fisheries
Hunting units:
-Used where limited number permits
-Allows regulation of areas differently
Trespass:
Legality of hunting on unmarked private land varies
Safety issues:
Shooting from roads, over roads, near houses
Regulating how:
-Some methods more efficient or more accessible than others
-Terminal tackle restrictions
-Number of poles, lines, hooks, snagging
-Weapon type and specifications
-Use of "help" (dogs, boats, lights, baits, calls)
The Lacey Act (1900):
(directed at the biota)
-The Game and Wild Bird Preservation Act 1900
-Regulates interstate transport of illegally killed animals
-Regulates international commerce in protected organisms
-Prohibits importation of injurious species into US
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918):
(directed at the biota)
-US law to implement the Migratory Bird Treaty
-Made migratory birds under federal law
-Supreme court upheld
Other laws:
(directed at the biota)
-Bald Eagle Protection Act (1940)
-Marine Mammal Protection Act (1972)
-Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act (1980)
-Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (1934)
Laws towards migratory bird habitats and wetlands:
-Migratory Bird Conservation Act (1929)
-Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (1934)
-Accelerated Wetlands Acquisition Act (1961)
-North American Waterfowl Conservation Act (1989)
Laws towards the environment:
-National Environmental Policy Act (1969)
-Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act (1972)
-Toxic Substances Control Act (1976)
-Clean Water Act (1977)
National Environmental Policy Act:
-Established Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Council on Environmental Quality
-Requires environmental impact statements (EIS) for all projects receiving federal funds
Financial aid to states:
-Pittman-Robertson Act (1937)
-Dingell-Johnson Act (1950)
Pittman-Robertson Act:
-Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act
-11% tax on firearms and ammunition
-Proceeds for use by states for wildlife restoration and management
-Amendments include handguns and bow/arrows, some goes to hunter's safety
Dingell-Johnson Act:
-Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act
-Importance of PR and DJ Acts
-Provide additional funds (from users of resources) to support resource
-Protects state license fees from diversion
-Provides incentive to states to develop projects
Management of federal lands laws:
-Taylor Grazing Act (1934)
-Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act (1960)
-Public Rangeland Improvement Act (1978)
-National Forest Management Act (1976)
-Wilderness Act (1964)
Multiple Use-Sustained Yield:
-Legal basis for multiple use on National Forest Land
-Classification and Multiple Use Act (1964) similar but applies to BLM lands
Public Rangeland Improvement Act:
-Improvement of federal lands to comply with NEPA and maintain diversity of native species
-Federal Land Policy and Management Act (1976)- similar but aimed at BLM
Retirement of Agricultural Lands:
-Soil Bank Act (1956)
-Food Security Act [Farm Bill] (1985, 1990)
-Water Bank Program (1972)
Food Security Act [Farm Bill] (1985, 1990):
-Created Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) that provides funds to landowners who take highly erodible land out of production
-Swampbuster Provision
-Sodbuster Provision
Water Bank Program:
10-year agreements to protect wetlands and plant adjacent cover