Principles Of Epidemiology

Front 1

_________ provides foundation of studies that
Identify etiology
Monitor trends
Evaluate public health interventions

Back 1

measurements

Front 2

Number of cases or other health phenomena

Back 2

counts

Front 3

Two numbers, numerator/denominator (dimensionless)
Number of accidents – male/number of accidents – female
950/50 = 19:1 male to female

Back 3

ratios

Front 4

Numerator is part of the denominator
Can be expressed as percentages
No. of deaths Hispanic boys + No. deaths white boys = 1150+3810
1150/(1150+3810) x 100 = (1150/4960) x 100 = 23.2%

Back 4

proportions

Front 5

Disease frequency
Unit size of population
Time period during which event occurs

Back 5

rate elements

Front 6

What is the multiplier when calculating the crude death rate, for example

Back 6

1,000 or 100,000

Front 7

Any convenient form
Must be large enough so equals an integer or integer with decimal
Some forms used by convention
CA rates – per 100,000 population
Infant mortality – per 1,000 live births

Back 7

multiplier

Front 8

no. of existing cases or conditions in population at some designated time (dimensionless)

Back 8

prevalence

Front 9

Provides
Indication of extent of health problem
Implications for needed health services
May underestimate

Back 9

prevalence

Front 10

prevalence associated with time:
Specified (August 1, 2008)
Unspecified – implies particular time

Back 10

point prevalance

Front 11

point prevalence is expressed in percentage or frequency per....

Back 11

1000

Front 12

Period prevalence – total no. of cases that exist during a specified time period
Week, month, other.
Consists of
Point prevalence at beginning of period, plus:
New cases that occur after until end of period

Back 12

period prevalence