Principles Of Ecology Final Test

Front 1

bottum up controls

Back 1

influences of physical and chemical factors of an ecosystem (nutrient concentrations and temp)

Front 2

top down controls

Back 2

influences of consumers

Front 3

trophic cascade hypothesis
removal of planktivore
(difference between this and keystone hypothesis)

Back 3

consumer influence on primary productivity propagates through food web
-decrease in planktivore, increase in herbivore, decrease in phytoplankton
- different from keystone bc focus on ecosystem properties instead of spp diversity

Front 4

attentuation of top and bottom effects occurs where mostly?

Back 4

at middle of food web

Front 5

How does grazing in Serengeti increase PrimProd?

5 bullet points

Back 5

Compensatory growth- grazing increase growth of plant
Mechanism: lower respire bc lower biomass, less E expended for maintenance,reduces self shading, improves water balance

Front 6

Compensatory growth highest at _____ grazing intensity

Back 6

intermediate

Front 7

As energy transfers from one trophic level to another it is ______ because of ___, ___, and _____.

Back 7

degrade, limited assimilation, consumer respiration, and heat production....1% solar energy left for NPP

Front 8

Organic matter storing energy in deciduos forest

Back 8

dead organic matter stores most, then living, insect, vertebrates

Front 9

Stable isotopes

Back 9

isotopes that do no undergo radioactive decay (carbon 13, nit 15, sulf 34)

Front 10

+ C13 means
Carbon ratio
Nitrogen ration

Back 10

more C13 to C12 than reference
- is opposite
C-consumers tend to match tha of prey
N- high in carn than herb, excreted in protein synthesis

Front 11

biogeochemistry

Back 11

study of movement of nutrients through living organsism and nonliving environment

Front 12

pools
- Nitrogent
- Phosphorous
- Carbon

Back 12

locations and forms of nutrients
- atmostphere
- minerals, weathering of rocks
-rarely limits PP

Front 13

Fluxes

Back 13

process that move nutrients between pools

Front 14

N-fixation
nitrification
denitrification

Back 14

atmospheric n to ammonia
ammonia to nitrate
nitrate to atmospheric n, occurs in anoxic evironments

Front 15

carbon movement based on two processes

Back 15

photosynthesis and respiration

Front 16

rate of decomposition

Back 16

rate at which nutrients are made available to primproducers, determined by rate of mineralization, signficantly influenced by temp, moisture and chem comp

Front 17

leaves with more lignin than nitrogen
higher nitrogen and higher phosphorous

Back 17

decomposed slower bc inhibition of fungal colonization of leaves
lead to quicker decomp

Front 18

spiralling length

Back 18

length of a stream required for a nutrient atom to complete cycle (excretion through uptake); related to nutrient cycling plus velocity of downstream movement

S=VT

Front 19

Nutrient retentiveness and spiral length

Back 19

short=high
long= low

Front 20

Invertebrates _____ rate of nutrient cycling
Decomposing vertebrates _____ primprod
Diggers and tunnelers and grazers _____ nutrient cycling

Back 20

increase

Increase

increase

Front 21

Myrica faya Hawaii tree ____nitrogen to environ
clear cutting forest ____ nitrate loss

Back 21

added---could inhibit restoration of native plant
increased

Front 22

Succesion
Primary
Secondary
Climax

Back 22

gradual change in plant and animal communities in an area following disturbance
-newly exposed substrate
-following disturbance that didnt destroy soil
- late succesional communities that is stable until disrupted

Front 23

Succession involves an _____ in diversity and changes spp comp

Back 23

increase

Front 24

succesion of US temperate forest

Back 24

grass to low shrub/flower bush to pine tree to deciduous

Front 25

aquatic first colonizer

Back 25

barnacle and alga

Front 26

sucession increases in ecosystem

Back 26

biomass, PP, respiration, and nutrient retention

Front 27

Biomass Accumulation Model
Reorganization
Aggradation
Transition
Steady-state

Back 27

R- follows disturbance, forest loses biomass and nutrients
A- ecosystem reaches peak biomass
T- Biomass declines from peak
S- biomass fluctuates around mean

Front 28

Facilitation
Inhibition
Tolerance

Back 28

F- pioneer spp modify environment making it less suitable for themselves and better for next spp
I- inhibit colonization by later arrivals and persist til distubred, assures late succ spp dominant bc live long and resist damage
T- not true

Front 29

stability
resistance
resilience

Back 29

absence of change
ability to maintain
ability to recover

Front 30

species turnover

Back 30

species composition is fluid and flexible, changes over time

Front 31

hypothesis to explain spp richness in tropics
time since perturbation
productivity
environmental heterogeneity
favorableness
niche breath and interspecific interactions

Back 31

-tropics older, disturbed less often
- high productivity contributes to richness
- more heterogeneity, more niches
- more favorable environments

Front 32

More land area in tropics than anywhere else so

Back 32

greater spp richness bc similar temps leading to wide dispersal without large change

Front 33

highest concentrations of gases are where?
where is ozone layer

Back 33

closest to earth in the trophosphere

in the stratosphere that starts at 10km above sea level to 50km

Front 34

what is change does deforestation have on at edge of forest?

Back 34

the edges increase..the environment by the edge is hotter and drier, higher exposure to solar radiation and wind, decreases diversity

Front 35

ENSO
What does it do?

Back 35

El Nino Southern Oscillation- oscillation in atmospheric pressure in Pacific caused by gradient in sea surface temp, warm surface temp stops upwelling
low pressure- drought, high pressure-monsoons

Front 36

La Nina

Back 36

periods of lower sea surface temp and higher than average pressure in eastern trop Pacific, Drought in N America, high precip in west pacific

Front 37

phenology

Back 37

timing of life cycle events

Front 38

landscape ecology

Back 38

study of landscape structure and process

Front 39

landscape

Back 39

heterogenous area composed of several ecosystems

Front 40

landscape elements

Back 40

visusally distinctive patches in an ecosystem

Front 41

increasing values of patch shape indicates what

Back 41

less circular

Front 42

metapopulations

Back 42

groups of subpopulations in spatially isolated patches that have significant activte exchange of individs

Front 43

Animals will move ______ when landscapes are more fragmented
Animals will stay _____ in more isolated fragments

Back 43

farther

longer

Front 44

mean square distance

Back 44

estimates size of home range

Front 45

increasing patch size means home range ______
percent of population that moves within area ________ with larger patch size

Back 45

decreases

increases

Front 46

ecosystem engineers

Back 46

organisms that change in physical environment great enough to influence structure of landscapes, ecosystems and communities

Front 47

channelizing

Problems

Back 47

the dredging and straightening of stream channels
-altered flow regimes, loss of habitat in stream (old wood bits removed), total stream area reduced, floodplains eliminated, change spps