Chapter 13 Principles Of Ecology

Front 1

What is Ecology?

Back 1

Ecology is the study of interactions among living things, and between living things and their surroundings.

Front 2

140 different species such and Grizzly Bears depend on the ________ as their main food scorce.

Back 2

Pacific Salmon.

Front 3

A German biologist named ________, coined the term ecology in 1866 to encourage biologists to consider the ways organisms interact

Back 3

Ernst Haeckel.

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Organism

Back 4

An organism is an individual living thing, such as an alligator.

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Population

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A population is a group of the same species that lives in one area, such as all the alligators that live in a swamp.

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Community

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A community is a group of different species that live together in one area, such as groups of alligators, turtles, birds, fish and plants that live together in the Flordia Everglades.

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Ecosystem

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An ecosystem includes all of the organisms as well as the climate, soil, water, rocks and other nonliving things in a given area. Ecosystems may live within a decayinglog, which in turn may be part of a larger wetland ecosystem.

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Biome

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A biome is a major regional or global community of organisms. Biomes are usually charactorized by the climate conditions and plant communities that thrive there.

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Observation

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Observation is the act of carfully watching something over time. such observations may occur over short periods of time. Long term studies are akey part of a scientists toolkit because most enviornmental changes happen over a long period of time.

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Direct Surveys

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Are used for species that are easy to follow. in these surveys, scientists watch animals either with the naked eye or with tools such as biniculars or scopes.

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Indirect Surveys

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Are used for species that are difficult to track. In these surveys, scientists search for other sins of its presence, such as feces or recent kill

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Modeling

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Modeling is a computer generation that "models" the behavior or movements of the animals and how they act.

Front 13

Biotic

Back 13

biotic factors are living things, such as plants, animals, fungi and bacteria. Each organism plays a particular role in enriching the soil.

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Abiotic

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Abiotic factors are nonliving things such as moisture, temerature, wind, sunight and soil. The balance of these factors determines which living things can survive in a paricular enviornment.

Front 15

Approximate Equillibrium

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Approximate Equillibrium is the balance of the cycles that occur in an ecosystem.

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Biodiversity

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Biodiversity is the assortment, or variety, of living things in an ecosystem.

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Key Stone Species

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A Key Stone Species is a species that has as unusually large effect on the ecosystem, such as a bever, by fellig trees to construct dams, bevers change free flowing stream habitats into ponds, wetlands and medows. This modification leads to a cascade of changes within their ecosystem.

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Producers

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Producers are organisms that get their energy from nonliving recorces, meaning they make their own food. Producers are also called autotrophs.

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Consumers

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Consumers are organisms that get energy by eating other living or once living recorces, such ad plants and animals. Consumers are also called heterotrphs.

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Chemosythesis

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Chemosythesis is the process by which an organism forms carbohydrates using chemicals, rather than light, as an energy scorce.

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Food Chain

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Food Chain is a sequence that links species by their feeding relationship. Rather than deecribe every potential relationship, this mode chain only follows the connection between one produser and a single chain of consumers within an ecosystem.

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Herbivores

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Herbivores, such as desert cottontails, are organisms that eat only plants.

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Carnivores

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Carnivores are organisms that eat only animals.

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Omnivores

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are organisms that eat both plants and animals.

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Detrivores

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Detrivores are organisms that eat dead organic matter.

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Decomposers

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Decomposers are detritivorres that break down organic matter into simpilar compunds.

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Specialist

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A Specialist is a consumer that primarily eats one specific organism or feeds on a very small number of organisms.

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Generalists

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Generalists are consumers that have a vering diet.

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Trophic Levels

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Trophic Levels ar the levels of nourishment in a food chain.

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Primary Consumers

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Primary Consumers are herbivores because they are the first consumer above the producer trophic level.

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Secondary Consumers

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Secondary Consumers are carnivores that eat herbivors.

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Tertiary Consumers

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Tertiary Consumers are carnivores that eat secondary consumers.

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Food Web

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A Food Web is a model that shows the complex network of feeding relationships and the flow of energy within and sometimes beyond an ecosystem.

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The Hudrogic Cycle

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The Hudrogic Cycle, also knows as the water cycle, is the circular pathway of water on Earth from the atmosphere, to the surface, below the ground, and back.

Front 35

A Biogeochemical Cycle

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A Biogeochemical Cycle is the movement of a particular chemical through the biological and geological, or living and nonliving, parts of an ecosystem.

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Sources of Carbon

Back 36

Sources of Carbon
*Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas in the atmosphere
*Bicarbonate (HcO3) disolved in water
*Fossil fules, which are underground deposits of oil, natural gas, and coal
*Carbonate rocks, such as limestone
*Dead organic matter, such as humans, in the soil

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Nitrogen Fixation

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Certain types of bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into ammonia through a process called Nitrogen Fixaion.

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How does the Phosphourous cycle begin?

Back 38

When phosphate is releaced by the weatering of rocks.

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Biomass

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Biomass is a measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area.

Front 40

Energy Pyramid

Back 40

An Energy Pyramid is a diagram that compares energy used by producers, primarily consumers and other trophic levels.