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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 habitats
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rainforest, deciduous seasonal forest, montane forest, grassland savannah
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5 niches
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insectivore, sapivore, frugivore, follivore, opportunisic omnivore
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what does carrying capacity influence?
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group size, # of species
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sportive lemur
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fecal eating
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howler
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long intestine to forment
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langur, colobus
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2 part stomach
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gorilla
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sheer size helps it digest leaves
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what are two examples of sapivores?
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marmoset, lemur
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what are two types of frugivores?
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seed disperser (dont digest seed; symbiotic relationship) and seed predator
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what is the most species a forest can support?
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15 species; at least 2-3 per forest
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What are the characteristics of a K Strategist (most primates)?
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stable, predictable; fewer offspring; longer lives; slower development; high parental investment; large body; intraspecific competition; mortality steady
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What are the characteristics of a R(eproduction) Strategist?
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variable, unpredictable; high reproduction rate; high infant mortality; fast development; low parental investment; small body; variable population size; catastrophic
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When do most births take place?
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Rainy season
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When does most mating take place?
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Dry season
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Who was George Schaller?
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UW Zoology grad student who studied mountain gorilla in 1963.
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"no complete competitors can co-exist"
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Russ Mittermier
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allopatric
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can't live in the same area
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sympatric
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can live in the same area
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What are the 8 sympatric species?
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golden haired tamarin, squirrel monkey, 2 species of capuchin, howler (leaves), spider (fruit), and 2 species of saki
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What is a barrier for most primates?
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Water (want to have babies during wet season to help them survive)
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Other barriers
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altitude, desert or savannah
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What do all primates like to eat?
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fruit (esp figs)
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potto
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eats poisonous bugs
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What do orangutans, gibbons, and spider monkeys have in common?
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all are frugivores
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what causes gorillas to have black teeth?
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tanin from leaves they eat
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what is bamboo high in?
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strictnine
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What do macaques and baboons have in common?
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more omnivorous and eat bird eggs
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what are some cues of carrying capacity?
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black or brown water means nutrients leaking through soil into water which means a relatively lower carrying capacity which leades to fewer species and smaller groups
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sympatric
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more than 1 species in a forest
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allopatric
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competition to exclude others
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africas predators
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felines, raptors
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neotropics predators
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birds - esp south america
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asia predators
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felines - tigers, leopards
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how many kills were reported in the africa savannah?
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46,000 total (75 baboons) by 58 leopards, 7 lions, 7 hyenas, 2 crocodiles, 1 python
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2 harpy eagles in guyana
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killed 1/3 of monkeys (47/141) (1 cebid per month)
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ecuadorian hunter gatherers
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killed 562 wooly monkeys and 246 howlers in a 3 year period
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What did Glen Hansfateu study?
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parasite avoidance - baboons and sleeping tree groves in Amboseli
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how long did it takes hansfateu's baboons to return to the original acacia grove?
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9.1 days
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what is herpes samiri?
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latent virus in squirrel monkeys (like mild mono)
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herpes samiri transmission
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vertical transmission (from mother to offspring)
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why is herpes samiri deadly?
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infectious and lethal to several other NW monkeys (owl monkeys, tamarins, marmosets, spider)
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what monkey is not affected by herpes samiri?
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capuchin
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Strateies for fending off predators (5)
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(1) get bigger (2) multi male social groups (3) communication -cooperative calling (4) avoid edges, top of canopy (5) leaping or cryptic motion
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monkey island in colombia
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brought 3000 squirrel monkeys to sell; dropped to 1000; island was mostly underwater in the rainy season; trees werent suited to squirrel monkeys
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what are 4 social organizations?
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(1) exclusion (2) inhibition (3) emigration (4) dominance
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what are two types of mate selection?
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sexual dimorphism and female choice
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what are 4 types of sexual behavior?
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mating, seasonality, puberty, and endocrinology (hormones and behavior)
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what does seasonally polyestrus mean?
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repeated times of mating - as soon as conception happes cycle stops
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what are ecological zeitgebers?
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timing mechanisms for mating
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testosterone is highest at what time?
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6 am (testosterone rises during the night and drops during the day)
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when do primates mate in temperate zones when they ignore rain?
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during a period with short days and long nights
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what did j vandenbergh study?
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estrogen injections into female rhesus monkeys
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ow monkeys rely on mostly ____ cues
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visual
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estrogen rises during the ____ 2 weeks then declines
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first (follicular phase)
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progesterone rises during the _____ 2 weeks
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last (progesterone is made when the egg leaves - luteal)
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what is the source of progesterone?
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corpus luteum
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estrogen _____ mating and progesterone acts as the ___ switch
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stimulates(estrogen); off(progesteron)
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what is receptivity?
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willingness for a female to accept the male
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what are aliphatic acids?
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signals sexual readiness of female (more w/estrogen) OW primate is not good at smelling these
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what is ethology?
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naturalistic behavior of a species (european tradition of behavioral research)
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what is sociobiology?
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group behavior genetics and evolution of social behavior (more likely to protect relatives due to shared dna)
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What are ultimate reasons for being social?
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reproductive strategies, predator defense, raising of offspring, resource utilization, and population dispersal
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what are proximate reasons for being social?
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sex (sexual attraction), fear reduction, social bonding, finding food, and territoriality
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"Social life of monkeys and apes"
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Sally Zuckerman (1932)
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What did Zuckerman say were the 2 main reasons for being social?
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sexual attraction and dominance hierarchy (Londong zoo observatory)
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"gregarious tendency"
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Schneida
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what is obligative?
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genetic reasons for social behavior
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what is facultative?
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learned reasons for social behavior
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what are social group characteristics?
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size, # of males, type of dominance relations, cohesiveness and stability, emigration patterns
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What sex leaves the group in chimps and gorillas?
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female leaves groups in chimps and gorillas
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what sex leaves the group in monkeys?
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males leave the group in monkeys
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What are the 4 social structures?
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(1) solitary (2) monogamous pairs (3) one male w/ harem (4) multi male/ multi female
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what are the multi male/ multi female types?
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sex segregated (dont interact much but travel together), age graded (1 dominant leader), fission fusion (live apart and live together sporatically)
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what are some solitary primates?
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galago, mouse lemur, orangutan are all solitary
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what are some characteristics of solitary primates?
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territorial, females more social than males, males push out sons
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p charles dominique
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galago
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robert martin
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mouse lemur
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What are some monogamous primates?
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marmoset, tamarin, gibbon, mentawl langur
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what are some characteristics of monogamous primates?
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territorial, less social dimorphism, more paternal care (dad often carries kids), and both m/f leave or assist in care of younger siblings
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what are some one male w/female harem primates?
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howler, guenons, patas
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what are some characteristics of one male w/female harem primates?
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sexual dimorphism prominent, OW monkeys sons emigrate due to dad driving them out,
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what do langurs often do?
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infanticide; kill all babies of the main dominant male (also hamydras and geladas)
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what are some multi male / multi female primates?
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ground living OW monkeys - squirrel monkeys, gorillas, chimps
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what are some characteristics of multi male / multi female groups?
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sexual dimorphism, more females than males - females more social, male dominance hierarchy
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sexual segregation
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more peripheral - reduces male tensions (ringtailed lemur, squirrel monkeys, talapoin)
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what is an age graded group?
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has an alpha male - Ex: Silver back
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what are two fission fusion primates?
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muriqui and chimp
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which primate has a female matriarchy w/ affiliated males?
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bonobo
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robert hinde
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gradation of group structures
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robert hinde
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behavioral units > individual predispositions > interactions/time > social relationships > social group structure
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hans kummer
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baboons
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hybrid zone in ethiopia (awash natl park)
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interbreeding between anubis - hamydras
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what type of social group is a hamydras in?
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monogamous
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squirrel monkeys in S America
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segregated s of amazon, male - female dominance, male avoidance, males submissive - sit lower
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galago
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solitary
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loris
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solitary
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mouse lemur
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solitary
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marmosets
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fam
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tamarin
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monogamous
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japanese macaque
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multi male groups
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s of amazon
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eye patch flatter
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n of amazon
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clown like
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prosimian pregnancy duration
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2-4 months
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monkey pregnancy duration
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5.5-7 months
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ape pregnancy duration
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8 months
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are twins common in primates?
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No rhesus monkey (1/1600) humans (1/60-80)
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behavior changes during pregnancy
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lethargy, sexual abstinenece, eating/drinking changes, raging hormones
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b marriot
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less of vertical strata for food sources, changing association and ranging, isolation (in some species), pimiparous- less play
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birth for chimps is a ____ event
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solo
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estrogen and progesterone
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at highest during pregnancy, increases during conception, highest right before birth
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C.G.
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raises after conception for a few months
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cortisol
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raises during pregnancy, decreases slightly before birth
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why is cortisol high during pregnancy ?
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sugar levels up which inhibits immune system (otherwise would reject baby as foreign object)
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prolactin
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low until shortly before birth then rises
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oxytocin
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peaks slightly before birth; helps with contractions & delivery
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why do primates eat the placenta after birth giving? (placentophagia)
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odors- helps avoid predation, hormones, nutrients, remove from baby due to weight, blood transfusion
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functions of placenta
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antibody transfer, maternal immuglobin G to fetus before birth, P.I.
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when do most births happen?
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10 pm - 2 am
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"civilization and its discontents"
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sigmund freud - leader of unit=social law, most dont like being followers
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"social life of monkeys and apes"
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sally zuckerman
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"on aggression"
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konrad lorenz
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"the naked ape"
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desmond morris
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"territorial imperative"
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robert ardrey
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two reasons for dominance
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defense of resources (space) and access to mates (mate selection)
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Schjelderup-Ebbe
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"pecking order"
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dominance measures
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aggression, threats, symbolic displays, location, displacement, food/water competition tests, sex, grooming, attention structure
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what causes dominance?
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(1) mating season (2) limited number of receptive females (3) limited food, water (4) shade trees/sleeping trees
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Frans de Wal
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reconciliation, "chimpanzee politics"
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dominance is a _____ construct
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relational
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dominance is not an attribute of _____ or synonomous with ______
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individuals; aggression
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motivation for dominance
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higher or lower depending on context, unfamiliarity and xenophobia affect dominance
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functions of dominance
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space, mate, resources, "priority of access to desired, but limited incentives"
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toshisada nishida
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community- fission/fusion, "unit groups"
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chimp groups are organized around what sex?
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males - stay in birth community and move up dominance hierarchy
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males from ______ invaded and killed males from _____
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kasakela (invaders) ; kahama (killed)
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goodall noticed that chimps eat _____ more than expected
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meat
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tool use in chimps is passed down through ____
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culural methods
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