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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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WHO lists the primary objectives of health education to be : to motivate people to : |
1 - adopt and sustain healthy life practices ( oral hygiene practices )
2- use the health services available to them الاستفادة من الخدمات الصحية المتاحة لهم 3- take decisions both individually and collectively to improve their health status and environment . ( implementing fluoridation of public water ) اتخاذ القرارات بشكل فردي وجماعي لتحسين حالتهم الصحية وبيئتهم. |
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Components of health education : |
1- informal health education 2- formal health education |
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Transmission of knowledge by interaction with others is referred to as |
Socialization |
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Socialization is classified into: |
★Primary Socialization : *early stages of a child's life when the family , especially the mother , is the main source of information for the child . ★Secondary Socialization . starts by the child entering school life and continuous throughout the life
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the health educator : هوا وين مكانه وشنيدير عن طريق |
1.is the specialist 2.in the health Team who 3.diagnoses health problems from an 4.educational point of view and helps to solve them
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★Requirements of a successful educator are : |
1 - A good basic knowledge in public health. 2- good personality . 3 - popularity . 4- efficiency . 5- interest |
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Principles of health education : |
1- Clarity and accuracy of the message.
2.Educational message should conform to believes , opinions religion and culture of the recipients. يجب أن تتوافق الرسالة التعليمية مع معتقدات وآراء دين وثقافة المتلقي: 3.Communication.
4.motivation. |
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Target groups and settings for health education : |
1- A preschool and school aged children.
2- expectant mother. الأم الحامل. 3.parents. 4 - School teachers : 5- industrial workers : 6- elderly group : الكبار ف العمر 7 - handicapped patients : 8 - medically compromised: |
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dental caries definition |
★Localized , post eriptive , pathologic process ★The most prevalent chronic , infectious and transmissible dental disease affecting markind or humanity |
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Low caries incidence in the ancient man is mainly due to diet which was: |
1.Natural diet 2.Coarse & not fully prepared. 3. low in carbohydrates . |
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dental caries in ancient times |
1.less than that of today , 2.The most common types were cervical & root Caries 3.Coronal caries was uncommon . 4.attrition of teeth 5.Caries in primary teeth was rare . |
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Types of dental caries |
1.pit and fissure caries. 2.proximal caries. 3.cervical caries. 4.root caries. 5.early childhood caries ( ECC ) |
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Differential diagnosis between ECC and rampant caries : |
★( ECC ) affect all teeth except lower anteriors , because washing effect of the tongue.
★But rampant caries affect all the teeth which include lower anteriors |
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Susceptibility of different teeth : |
1 - mandibular 1 & 2 molars ( most susceptible ) 2 - maxillary 1 & 2nd molars 3- mandibular 2 , maxillary 1 & 2 premolars , maxillary central & laterals incisors 4 - maxillary canine , mandibular premolars 5- mandibular centrals and lateral Incisors. |
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Determinants & Risk factors of dental caries |
Host 1- age. 2- Gender. 3- Race. 4 - Genetic familial factors. 5- role of saliva. Environmental 1- nutritional 2- social factors Agents 1- streptococcus mutans-» crown caries 2- lactobacilli 3- Actinomyces-» root caries |
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gender dental caries |
high in female بسبب 1.earlier eruption of teeth in female |
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- such familial tendency may be due to : |
1.interfamilial bacterial transmission , especially from mother to baby 2.similarity in dietary and oral hygiene habits 3.genetic factors |
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earlier studies found that higher SES groups had higher DMF scores than those in the lower SES groups . |
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details of DMF scores showed that higher SES groups |
★had lower values for D and M , and ★higher values for F. |
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1- streptococcus mutans-» 2- lactobacilli 3- Actinomyces-» |
crown caries root caries |
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AAP 2017 Classification of periodontitis : |
I. Periodontitis : A - slow rate of progression . B- Moderate . C- Rapid . II . Periodontitis as manifestation of systematic disease . III . Necrotizing Periodontal disease ( ANUG ) |
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Factors affecting prevalence and severity of periodontitis : |
★Agent 1- role of plaque microorganism. 2- role of calculus. ★Host 1 - age. 2 - sex. 3- race. 4- emotional disturbances. 5- intra - oral variations. 6- traumatic occlusion. 7- systemic disease and drugs 8- tobacco use . ★Environment 1- Geographic Variations . 2- Nutrition . 3 - Socio - economic status . |
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periodontal disease age related ★In mixed dentition ★in teenage ★in old age |
1.Eruption gingivitis. 2.Puberty gingivitis. 3.cumulative progression of lesions over time . |
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Gender : in developed countries in developing countriesناميه |
★females better periodontal health and oral hygiene than male. ★females worse periodontal conditions than males , at least after age 20 due to recurrent pregnancies |
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hormonal change at Puberty: during pregnancy |
★due to increased levels of sex hormones in Blood. ★due to increased levels of steroid hormones in blood p intermedia after resolution occurs . |
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Some diseases May be predispose to severe periodontitis and vice versa such as : |
1.Diabetes mellitus & HIV 2.preterm low birth weight babies , 3.osteoporosis , cardiovascular disease |
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Diabetes mellitus : ★periodontitis has been called the ....... ★type 2 diabetic patients are...... times higher risk for developing destructive periodontitis |
6th complication of diabetes 2-3 |
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Preterm low birth weight babies : the risk of preterm birth..... times greater among those who had periodontitis . |
was 5 times greater among those who had periodontitis . |
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CAL was greater in osteoporotic |
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the odds ratio of having periodontitis has been in the range of....... to... among cardiac patients |
1.5-3 |
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improper occlusion or cuspal interlocking May lead to 1...... 2..... as a result of severe torque |
bone resorption and Mobility |
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Traumatic Occlusion 1... 1... 2.. 1... 2.. 2.. |
1.improper contact: leads to food impaction and plaque accumulation 2.Impaired mastication : leads to collection of food debris |
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systemic drugs : 1 ... 2.... 3.... |
★Anticonvulsant drugs Dilantin ★calcium channel blockers. hypertension 3 % - 43 %
★immunosuppressant drugs. cyclosporins in 30 % of the cases |
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developing countries usually show higher prevalence of periodontal disease than developed countries |
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nutrition ( biological environment ) |
★vitamin C deficiency ( scurvy ) ★vitamin A deficiency ★Niacin deficiency نايسين ★Protein and magnesium deficiency |
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كل ما ينقص SES يزيد periodontal disease |
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Surveys defined |
Surveys are methods for collection of data , analyzing and evaluating them |
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Types of surveys |
1- Descriptive or Analytic 2- Cross - sectional or longitudinal |
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Objectives : Basic oral health Survey are used |
1- To collect information about the oral health status .
2- To monitor changes in disease levels and patterns as well as 3.identify risk factors related to oral diseases . مراقبة التغيرات في مستويات المرض وأنماطه وكذلك تحديد عوامل الخطر المتعلقة بأمراض الفم.
3- To assess the appropriateness and effectiveness of services being provided- تقييم مدى ملاءمة وفعالية الخدمات المقدمة
4- To plan and modify oral health services and programs as needed . تخطيط وتعديل خدمات وبرامج صحة الفم حسب الحاجة. |
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Basic principles of clinical oral health survey |
1- Design of basic oral health survey 2- organizing the survey . 3- reliability and validity of data . 4- Implementing the survey . |
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What is Pathfinder Survey ? |
is a practical , economic , survey sampling methodology Designed by WHO : 1.stratified cluster sampling 2.appropriate numbers of subjects
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Types of pathfinder survey |
1. Pilot survey 2. National survey : |
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A. 5 years : B. 12 years : C. 15 years d: 35-45 years e: 65-74 years |
★It is the standard monitoring age for health conditions and service putilization of adults - 35 45
★It is important age for assessment of periodontal disease indicators 15 |
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The number of subjects in each index age group to be examined ranges from......to...... for each cluster or sampling site , depending on the expected prevalence and severity of disease . |
25 to 50 |
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Organizing the survey : |
1- Preparing survey protocol 2- Obtaining approval from authority 3- Budgeting 4- Scheduling 5- Emergency care and referral 6- Courtesy reporting :
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★ examination of a child takes about minutes , ★ examination of adults takes about minutes . |
5-10 15-20 |
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Implementation of the survey : |
1- Contacts with persons in authority : 2- keeping a logbook : 3- preliminary exercise : 4 - source of Fluoride : 5- Personnel 6- instruments and supplies :
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Types of Sampling |
1.Random / Probability Sampling
A. Simple Random Sampling : B. Stratified Random Sampling : C. Systematic Random Sampling : D. Cluster Sampling.
2. Non - Probability / Non - Random Sampling. A. Convenience Sampling : B. Snowball Sampling C. Purposive or Judgment Sampling D. Expert Sampling : |
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Sample |
A portion of the population that represents the entire population . جزء من السكان يمثل جميع السكان. |
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The Importance of Sampling |
1.Reduces bias . 2.Saves time and money Feasible 3.more accurate 4.Unable to study all members of a population |
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★method is employed for a homogenous population only؟ ★When the population is heterogeneous؟؟ ★Sometimes referred to as pseudo simple random sampling؟؟ ★It is more convenient for administrative and economic reasons؟؟ ★It allows the use of any available group of subjects؟؟ ☆Used when subjects are difficult to identify , but are known to others because of an informal. تستخدم عندما يصعب التعرف على المواضيع ولكنها معروفة للآخرين بسبب غير رسمي؟ ★This method selects a particular group because they represent a particular characteristic ؟؟ هذه الطريقة تختار مجموعة معينة لأنها تمثل صفة معينة ؟؟ ★It's a subtype of purposive sampling that involves selecting experts in a given area because of their access to the information relevant to the study . إنه نوع فرعي من أخذ العينات الهادفة الذي يتضمن اختيار الخبراء في منطقة معينة بسبب وصولهم إلى المعلومات ذات الصلة بالدراسة. |
A. Simple Random Sampling : B. Stratified Random Sampling : C. Systematic Random Sampling : D. Cluster Sampling
A. Convenience Sampling : B. Snowball Sampling C. Purposive or Judgment Sampling D. Expert Sampling : |
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Steps of systematic Review |
1- Formulate research question 2- Define eligibility / inclusion criteria 3- Search for literature 4- Screen / select the literature. 5- Extract data from selected literature 6- Assess quality and risk of bias 7- Synthesize results ( if applicable |
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steps of Evidence Based dentistry EBD |
1. asking question about dental problem 2. Searching for best evidence 3. Review and critically appraising the evidence 4. Applying this information in a way to help clinical practice 5. Evaluation of performance of the technique , procedure or material |
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Generally the basic content of a dental health education message should include the following : |
1.normal structure of teeth and their supporting tissues
2- diseases of the teeth and supporting tissues.
3- prevention of oral diseases |
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indirect methods ★Advantages : ★Disadvantages : |
Advantages: Educational messages can reach millions of people. Disadvantages : 1- it is only one way communication 2- the channel of communication may not be available as radio or TV |
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Direct methods of health education : advantages |
1- the educator and the learner are in the same place. 2.more attention and more reaction and more attraction. 3- the content and the level of the course can be adjusted. |
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Ideal requirements of an Index : |
1- Validity : 2- Reliability ( reproducibility . consistenc 3- Clarity , simplicity and objectively : 4- Sensitivity : 5- Acceptability : 6- Quantifiability |
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Methods of dental health education can be divided into two primary categories :
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A- direct methods: 1.individual instructions. 2.group instructions. 3.demonstrations. 4.performance. 5.brainstorming. 6.Role playing. B- indirect methods: mass media: as television . Radio . Magazines , newspapers. |
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Maintain good level of oral hygiene through |
1.regular and efficient tooth brushing and the use of dental floss 2.use of fluorides 3.pit and fissure sealants 4.periodic Dental check up . |
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90 % of smokers have...... |
refractory periodontitis |
