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75 Cards in this Set
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Three types of classical chemistry |
Organic, inorganic, physical |
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The branch of chemistry which applies physical and chemical procedures towards transformation of natural raw materials and their derivatives to products that are of benefit to humanity |
Industrial Chem |
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All economic activities that deal with the production of goods and services |
Industry |
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Compartment of industry or economy which is concerned with the production of goods out of raw material by means of a system of organized labor |
Manufacturing industry |
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Capital intensive industries |
Heavy industries |
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Labour-intensive industries |
Light industries |
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Put a value to something according to how much it has cost us |
Global chemical industry |
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Produced directly from natural resources |
Commodity chemicals |
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Produce chemical products for specific end uses |
Specialty chemicals |
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Purified or refined chemicals |
Fine chemicals |
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Consists of combination of chemical reactions such as synthesis,calcination and etc. |
Chemical process |
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Any single processing unit or a combination of processing units used for conversion of raw materials through any combination of chemical and physical treatment changes into finished product |
Chemical process |
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Physical treament steps or series of physical steps |
Unit operations |
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Road of map of the process which gives a great deal of information in a small space |
Flow diagram |
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What is to be done rather than how is it to be done |
Block diagrams |
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Diagram used to communicate concepts and designs |
Process flow diagram |
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Any process studied must satisfy balances on the total amount of material, on each chemical component, and on individual atomic species |
Material balance |
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Two assumptions of material balance |
There is no transfer of mass to energy, mass is conserved for each element or compound on eiher molar or weight basis |
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Note in material balance |
Mass and atoms are conserved, moles are conserved only when there is no reaction, volume is not conserved |
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A system is ____ if material flows across the system boundary during the interval of time being studied |
Open |
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The rate of change of holdup of material within the system |
Accumulation |
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The process of creating a chemical compound through a series of physical and chemical manipulations usually involving one or more chemical reactions |
Chemical synthesis |
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Transformation of one or more substances into one or more new substances, differing from the original chemical composition or structure |
Chemical reaction |
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The detailed description of pathwat follwed as reactants become produucts during chemical change |
Reaction mechanism |
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Chemical reactions are affected by |
Temperature,pressure,electric and magnetic fields |
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The tranformation of one or more substances into one or more new substances, differing from the original in chemical composition or structure |
Chemical principles |
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Specie that is generated in the product side and consumed in the reactant side |
Reaction intermediate |
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Exact expression of the law of the conservation of mass |
Material balance |
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Occurs when opposing reactions are proceeding at equal rates |
Chemical equilibrium |
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How fast a reaction reaches equilibrium |
Kinetics |
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A mixture of reactants and products whose concentration is no longer change with time |
Equilibrium state |
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If a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in tmeperature,pressure,or the concentration of one of the components,the system will shift its equilibrium position so as to counteract the effect of the disturbance |
Le chatelier's principle |
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French industrial chemist |
Henri-Louis Le Chatelier |
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We ___ the concentration of a substance, the system reacts to consume some of the substances |
Increase |
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The rate at which the a chemical reaction takes place at a given temperature is proportional to the product of the active masses of the reactants |
Law of mass action |
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The rate at which the a chemical reaction takes place at a given temperature is proportional to the product of the active masses of the reactants |
Law of mass action |
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K>1 |
Composed of mostly products |
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K<1 |
Composed of reactants |
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K=1 |
Forward rxn=reverse rxn |
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If a system is at equilibrium and we increase .... |
Change in reactant or product concentration |
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If a system is at equilibrium and we increase .... |
Change in reactant or product concentration |
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Reducing the volume of a gaseous equilibrium mixture... |
Change in volume |
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Reducing the volume of a gaseous equilibrium mixture... |
Change in volume |
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Increasing the number of moles of gas of causes the system to shift in the direction that increases also the pressure of the gaseous equilibrium mixture |
Change in pressure |
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Heat absorbing, decrease in temp |
Endothermic reaction |
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Endothermic reaction- ? Rxn |
Forward |
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Endothermic reaction- ? Rxn |
Forward |
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Heat releasing |
Exothermic reaction |
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Exothermic rxn- ? Rxn |
Reverse |
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Accelerates the rate of chemical reaction |
Catalyst |
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Cannot alter the equilbrium composition although it can change the rate at which product is formed |
Catalyst |
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The relative proportions in which elementa form compoubds or in which substances react |
Stoichiometry |
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Deals with the application of laws of definite proportions |
Stoichiometry |
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Deals with the mass relationships of elements in compounds |
Composition stoichiometry |
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Deals with mass relationships involving ratios in the balance chemical reaction |
Reaction stoichiometry |
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Conversion factor that relates the amounts in moles of any substances bases on the balanced chemical reaction |
Mole ratio |
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Mass if one mole of the substance |
Molar mass |
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Limits the amount of other reactants that can combine |
Limiting reactant |
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Exceeds the amount of other reactants that can combine |
Excess reactant |
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Volume of a fixed quantity of gas maintaned at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure |
Boyle's Law PV=constant |
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Amount of gas maintaned at constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolure temperature |
Charles law V/T=constant |
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Total volune of a mixture of gases is equal to the individual volume of gases |
Amagats Law |
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Pressure is directly proportional to its temperature |
Amonton's Law |
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Total pressure is equal to its individual pressures |
Dalton's law |
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Equal volune of any two gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules |
Avogadro's Law |
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The reference condition for gases at zero degrees and 1 atm |
Standard temperature and pressure |
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The volume occupied by a given amount of gas is proportional to the absolute temperature divided by the pressure |
Combined gas laws |
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The study of the flow and transformation of enrgy within a particular system |
Energetics |
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The study of laws that govern the conversion of energy from one form to another |
Thermodynamics |
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The law of constant heat summation |
Hess' law |
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Deals with the rate of reaction |
Chemical kinetics |
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Barrier to a reaction the must be overcome in order for a chemical reaction to occur |
Activation energy |
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Absorbed or evolved by some reactions |
Heat |
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Heat required to change the physical state to liquid or gas state |
Latent heat |
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Heat ehich is added ir subtrated from materials changes their temperature and thus can be sensed |
Sensible heat |
