Prelim Ii Final Review ( Oceanography)

Front 1

Q: Net Primary Production ( NPP) is

Back 1

The difference between CO2 taken up by photosynthesis and CO2 released by respiration; The net accumulation of carbon within phytoplankton cells ( Both A&B)

Front 2

The compensation light level refers to the light intensity where

Back 2

Photosynthesis equals respiration

Front 3

Phytoplankton cells that are growing in the light saturated range of light intensity are experiencing pigment destruction that causes reduced levels of net primary production

Back 3

False

Front 4

The depth at which phytoplankton cells exhibit maximal rates of primary production is called the

Back 4

None of the above...stupid question...don’t even worry about it

Front 5

What happens to the average size of phytoplankton when the nutrient levels in the ocean are shifted from high concentration to low concentration?

Back 5

The growth advantage shifts to smaller cells

Front 6

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica concentrations are generally:

Back 6

Low in surface layer of the ocean and high at depth

Front 7

The main source of iron input to the surface ocean layer is from:

Back 7

Dust blowing off of continents

Front 8

Subtropical Gyre have low levels of primary production per square meter because

Back 8

There is a persistent lens of warm low-nutrient surface water and an associated surface layer downwelling that, taken together, inhibits efficient upward mixing of nutrients from the deep ocean

Front 9

Primary production along most of the equator is high because the trade winds cause

Back 9

Surface layer divergence and the subsequent upwelling of deep nutrient-rich water to the sunlit surface ocean

Front 10

Primary production is consistently high in coastal regions because

Back 10

Tidal mixing is enhanced over shallow continental shelf regions

Front 11

Which is true about wind-driven coastal upwelling of nutrients along the west coast of the United States?

Back 11

It has a distinct seasonal pattern of high and low levels

Front 12

Which is true about the Critical Depth?

Back 12

It is the depth to which phytoplankton can mix where the time they spend below the compensation depth losing carbon just balances the time they spend above the compensation depth gaining carbon

Front 13

Spring Phytoplankton Blooms occur in the North Atlantic because

Back 13

The springtime shallow thermocline “ holds” the phytoplankton above the Critical Depth; Wintertime mixing bring nutrient rich water from depth to the surface ocean ( Both A and B)

Front 14

Net primary production in the ocean is about

Back 14

50% of global net primary production

Front 15

Net primary production summed over the entire coastal region exceeds nets primary production summed over the entire open-ocean region

Back 15

False

Front 16

What nutrients are limiting the net primary production in the Southern Ocean and the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, respectively?

Back 16

Iron and Phosphate

Front 17

What is the definition of pelagic environment?

Back 17

The water column environment

Front 18

Which group of zooplankton is ubiquitous in every ocean and most often makes up the dominate fraction of the total zooplankton biomass?

Back 18

Copepods

Front 19

What is the definition of Meroplankton?

Back 19

Organisms that live only part of their life as planktonic creatures?

Front 20

In order to make sense out of the confusing mix of all the organisms that make up pelagic communities, oceanographers aim to classify organisms into broad groups based on

Back 20

Autotrophy; Heterotrophy; Body Size ( All of the above)

Front 21

Exploitation Efficiency is the efficiency with which members of one trophic level are able to:

Back 21

Find, capture, and ingest lower trophic level prey

Front 22

Diel Vertical Migration is

Back 22

A strategy used by many zooplankton species to avoid predation by visual predators

Front 23

Large herbivore populations consuming phytoplankton at the start of spring bloom in the North Atlantic are expected to have a

Back 23

Low exploitation efficiency

Front 24

Small herbivore populations consuming small phytoplankton in the tropics and subtropics regions are expected to have

Back 24

High exploitation efficiency

Front 25

Trophic Transfer Efficiency depends on the following:

Back 25

Exploitation Efficiency; Gross Production Efficiency ( Both a and b)

Front 26

If there are 3 trophic steps between primary phytoplankton and commercially harvestable fish, and you start with 10000 units of phytoplankton production each year, how many units of harvestable fish should you expect to get each year?

Back 26

10

Front 27

The main reason that coastal upwelling regions have much higher amounts of harvestable fish production is because:

Back 27

They have the fewest trophic steps between primary production and harvestable fish

Front 28

Epifluorescent microscopy and fluorescent DNA stains came into widespread use by oceanographers between 1975 and 1985, and this new technology dramatically increased abundance estimates of

Back 28

Heterotrophic bacteria

Front 29

In 1998 a new technology called Analytical Flow Cytometry was applied to oceanographic research and with this new way of seeing the ocean the following type of organism was discovered to be in high abundance in oligotrophic waters

Back 29

Autotrophic Bacteria

Front 30

Prochlorococcus is

Back 30

The main contributor to primary production in oligotrophic open-ocean environments

Front 31

The vast majority of living biomass in oligotrophic open-ocean environments is in the form of heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria

Back 31

True

Front 32

Most of the carbon exported from the ocean surface layer to the deep ocean is in the following form:

Back 32

Feces from flea-size zooplankton

Front 33

The biological carbon pump is most efficient in

Back 33

Eutrophic conditions

Front 34

The ratio of Ammonia uptake to Nitrate uptake is the same as the ratio of Recycled Primary to New Primary Production

Back 34

True

Front 35

When Recycled Production is a significant fraction of Total Primary Production we can expect the Biological Carbon Pump to be inefficient

Back 35

True

Front 36

The nutrient that is of greatest interest in nutrient cycling studies in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre is

Back 36

Phosphorus

Front 37

Marine virus abundance in the ocean is typically about:

Back 37

10 times the bacterial abundance

Front 38

Host cells infected by marine viruses typically die from

Back 38

Cell lysis

Front 39

Does the presence of marine viruses increase or decrease the efficiency of Biological Carbon Pump?

Back 39

Decreases pump efficiency

Front 40

Is the community of marine viruses highly diverse?

Back 40

Yes

Front 41

Water can dissolve large quantities of ions such as Na and Cl because

Back 41

It is a highly polar molecule

Front 42

The two opposing forces that determining the three phases of water ( solid, liquid, and gas) are

Back 42

H-bonds and thermal (kinetic) energy

Front 43

When evaporation occurs at the ocean surface the ocean loses heat and the surface ocean cools. Where did the ocean heat energy go?

Back 43

It went into latent heat in the form of water vapor in the atmosphere

Front 44

The relative proportion of ions making up the salt content in a seawater sample remains unchanged everywhere in the ocean

Back 44

True

Front 45

The surface ocean salinity varies greatly from region to region because of large regional variations in

Back 45

Evaporation and Precipitation ( Both a and b)

Front 46

If there were 100 million metric tons of cobalt ions in the ocean and if river input of cobalt were approximately 10 metric ton per year, the average residence time of a single cobalt ion in the ocean would be

Back 46

10 million years

Front 47

Salt ions, like sodium and chloride, are very inert elements that entered the ocean when it was first formed about 4 billion years ago, and these same ancient elements have remained dissolved in the ocean since this early time

Back 47

False

Front 48

The concentration of most biologically active elements ( i.e. plant nutrients) in seawater are found to be

Back 48

Low in the surface-ocean and high in the deep ocean

Front 49

The conveyor belt circulation explains in part, why nitrate and phosphate concentrations in the deep ocean ( e.g 4000 meters depth) are

Back 49

Low in the deep North Atlantic and high in the deep North Pacific

Front 50

Oxygen concentration reaches its lowest point just below the sunlit layer (euphotic zone) of the ocean because:

Back 50

Microorganism respiration, fuelled by the strong raining down of dead organic material from above, consumes oxygen

Front 51

The conveyor belt circulation explains, in part, why oxygen concentrations in the deep ocean (e.g., 4000 meters depth) are

Back 51

High in the deep Atlantic and low in the deep Pacific

Front 52

Carbon dioxide is low in the surface layer of the ocean because:

Back 52

Photosynthesis consumes carbon dioxide

Front 53

When carbon dioxide is added to the ocean, some of it reacts with water to form more acidic ocean conditions

Back 53

True

Front 54

Carbon dioxide in the deep ocean ( below the main thermocline) is the largest mobile reservoir of carbon dioxide on earth

Back 54

True