Precipitation And Cloud Formation

Front 1

Process of turning water vapor to liquid

Back 1

Condensation

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Composed of tiny droplets or ice crystals that are suspended in the air

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Clouds

Front 3

Functions of clouds

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- provide rain and snow

- retain heat

- provide shade

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Clouds can be formed by

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1. Surface heating

2. Moutains and terrains

3. Air being forced to rise

4. Weather fronts

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Side where wind starts

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Windward side

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Side where wind leaves

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Leeward side

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Produce when warm air replace cold air by sliding above it

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Warm fronts

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Heavy cold air displaces lightly warm, air, passing it upward

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Cold front

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Discharge of water, liquid/solid state; condensed vapor that falls to earth's surface

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Precipitation

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Precipitation that is intercepted by plant foliage

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Canopy precipitation

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Particle needed by water to condense vapor

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Condensation nuclei

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Consist of clay material/kaolin

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Freezing nuclei

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Process involved in the growth of cloud elements in warm clouds

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Collision coalescence process

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Process involved in the growth of cloud elements in cool and cold clouds

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Bergeron-Findeisen process

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Minimum concentration value of clouds which usually produce precipitation that reaches the ground

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4 g/m^3

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Liquid water freezing into ice crystals producing rapid growth

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Riming

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Joining of multiple ice crystals

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Aggregation

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Any product of condensation of atmospheric water vapor formed in free air/at earth's surface

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Hydrometeor

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Hydrometeors referring to falling moisture

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Precipitation

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Forms of precipitation

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1. Drizzle

2. Rain

3. Sleet

4. Glaze

5. Rime

6. Snow

7. Hail

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Also known as mist (0.1 to 0.5mm)

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Drizzle

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Liquid water drops (>0.5mm)

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Rain

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Grains of ice formed by freezing of raindrops

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Sleet

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Form of precipitation coated with ice

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Glaze

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White, opaque ice granules

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Rime

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Ice crystals

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Snow

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Balls of ice

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Hail

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Spheroidal, conical/angular in shape, alternating layer of glaze and rime

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Hailstones

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Types of precipitation by cause

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1. Convective precipitation

2. Orographic precipitation

3. Cyclonic precipitation

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Caused by rising of warmer, lighter air in colder, denser surroundings

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Convective precipitation

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Results from mechanical lifting of air mass over mountain barriers

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Orographic precipitation

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Associated with movement of the air masses from HP to LP

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Cyclonic precipitation

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Two types of cyclonic precipitation

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1. Nonfrontal

2. Frontal

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Air is lifted through horizontal convergence

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Non frontal

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Meeting of two large air masses

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Frontal

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Types of precipitation by intensity

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1. Uniform

2. Advanced

3. Delayed

4. Intermediate

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Important characteristics of rainfall

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1. Spatial and temporal distribution

2. Intensity

3. Sequence of occurence

4. Rainfall thpe

5. Cumulative rainfall

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Types of rainfall data

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1. Annual (seasonal)

2. Short-term (daily, weekly, monthly)

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Methods in finding missing rainfall data

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1. Normal ratio method

2. distance power method

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Normal ratio methdod

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Px = 1 (NxP1 + ... + NxPm)

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m (N1 + ... + Nm)

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Distance power method

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Px = (Σ Pn/Dn2) / (Σ 1/Dn2)

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Average precipitation over an area/spatial distribution

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1. Arithmetic mean

2. Thiessen polygon

3. Isohyetal

4. Grid-point method

5. Inverse distance ratio method

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Station, locations are plotted on a map

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Isohyetal

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Computer aided method

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Grid-point method

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For rolling areas and non-uniform distribution of gages distance factor

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Inverse distancr ratio method