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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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according to our text, it is impossible to find any specific act that is regarded as deviant in every culture |
true |
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what are the elements of the bond to society that was described by Hirschi? |
attachment, commitment, involvement, & beliefs |
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Lemur described ________ as polygenetic, arising out of a variety of social, cultural, psychological, & physiological factors. |
primary deviance |
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Erving Goffman argued that negative social labels can work to spoil a person's identity, creating _____, which is any attribute that discredits a person or disqualifies him or her from full social acceptance. |
a stigma |
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according to _________, the question is not "why do some people commit crimes?" but "why don't we all?" |
social control theory |
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the 2009 national survey on drug use & health looked at self-reported drug use among persons aged 18 & older. they found that a higher percentage of _______ reported that they had used illicit drugs at some point in their life. |
non-Hispanic whites |
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______ are described in the text as widely-accepted beliefs that something is fair & just. there is, for example, a set of beliefs in our society that our social class system is fair, right, & reasonable. they explain why some people are ranked higher than others in society, & why this is fair. |
legitimating rationales |
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caste systems insist on |
endogamy |
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Marx's version of class would place major league baseball players in the same social class as secretaries. |
true |
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Weber described _______ as legitimate power (power that is seen as justified). |
authority |
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the class system that exists in the United States involves social stratification based on |
ascription & achievement |
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the term ________ refers to mobility which is brought about, not by individual effort, but by changes in stratification hierarchy itself. historical circumstances or labor market changes may lead to the rise or decline of an occupational group within the social hierarchy. for example, industrialization & the decline of farming led to changes in the class structure of society. |
structural mobility |
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the old-age, survivors, & disability insurance program is also known as |
social security |
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the poverty thresholds are based on a 1955 survey, which found that families of 3 or more spent about __________ of their after-tax income on food. |
one-third |
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the food plan on which the poverty thresholds are based is not considered to be adequate for long-term use |
true |
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in 2011, ________ of the poverty population in the U.S. had incomes below one-half of their poverty threshold |
more than 40% |
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which of the following had the lowest poverty rate in the U.S. in 2011? |
adults, age 65 & over |
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without Social Security, more than 20 million more Americans would have been poor in 2011 |
true |
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the World Bank measures poverty in the developing world using a consumption level of $1.25 per day. they estimate that, worldwide, in 2008 more than 1 billion people had consumption levels below $1.25 per day. |
true |
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there is inequality in both income & wealth in the U.S., with more inequality in income than there is wealth. |
false |
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economist Lester Thurow observed, "once wealth is accumulated, opportunities to make more money multiply, since accumulated wealth leads to income-earning opportunities that are not open to those without wealth." the notion that those with wealth or other scarce social resources find it easier to accumulate more of those resources than others in society is described in the text as |
the Matthew effect (rich get richer, poor get poorer) |
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according to the text, most people end up in a class position that is the same as or close to the position occupied by their parents |
true |
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_______ is the practice of assigning students to instructional groups on the basis of ability. it is based on an assumption that students learn better when they are in classes with others who have similar aptitudes & abilities, but it may work to that disadvantage of those seen as having lower ability, limiting their opportunities to learn & affecting their self-esteem. |
tracking |
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"schools routinely structure education according to students' social background, thereby perpetuating inequality." this statement is most consistent with which theoretical perspective? |
the conflict perspective |
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according to the lecture, which of the distinguishing features of minority group status is generally described as being the most important? |
identifiability |
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_______ is a collection of people interacting with one another in an orderly way on the basis of shared expectation about behavior. as a result of that interaction, members feel a common sense of belonging. |
group |
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the term __________ was described in class as referring to a category of people whose physical appearance or cultural practices are unlike those of the dominant group in society, making them susceptible to different (unequal) treatment. |
minority group |
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it is possible to discriminate without being prejudiced |
true |
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_________ is a rigid mental image that summarizes what is believed to be typical of a group. |
a stereotype |
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according to _______, "if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." |
the Thomas theorem |
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_______ refers to the automatic assignment of children of mixed-race heritage to subordinate group. |
hypodescent |
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it is illegal to discriminate on the basis of sex by paying lower wages to employees of one sex than you do to members of the other sex, who are doing equal work in the same job, under similar working conditions. |
true |
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runner is to marathon as |
oarsman is to regatta |
