P.r. Terms Ch 2 Chemistry Of Life

Front 1

Elements

Back 1

Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means

Front 2

Trace Elements

Back 2

Substances required by organisms in very small quantities

Front 3

Atom

Back 3

The smallest unit of an element that retains its characteristic properties

Front 4

Protons

Back 4

Positively charged subatomic particles

Front 5

Neutrons

Back 5

Subatomic particles with no charge

Front 6

Electrons

Back 6

Negatively charged subatomic particles

Front 7

Nucleus

Back 7

The core of the atom

Front 8

Isotopes

Back 8

Atoms that have the same number of protons but differ in their number of neutrons

Front 9

Compound

Back 9

When two or more elements are combined in a fixed ratio

Front 10

Chemical Bonds

Back 10

Includes ionic bonds, covalent bonds, or hydrogen bonds

Front 11

Ionic Bond

Back 11

Is formed between two atoms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to the other

Front 12

Covalent Bond

Back 12

Is formed when electrons are shared between atoms

Front 13

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Back 13

Is formed when the electrons are shared equally between the atoms

Front 14

Polar Covalent Bond

Back 14

Is formed when the electrons are shared unequally between the atoms

Front 15

Polar

Back 15

Molecules having partially positive and partially negative charges are

Front 16

Hydrogen Bonds

Back 16

Weak chemical bonds formed when a hydrogen atom bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

Front 17

Cohesion

Back 17

The tendency of water to stick to itself

Front 18

Adhesion

Back 18

The tendency of water to stick to other molecules

Front 19

Surface Tension

Back 19

The property that causes the surface of a liquid to be attracted to the surface of another liquid

Front 20

Capillary Action

Back 20

The movement of water thru thin tubes

Front 21

The 4 Unique Properties of Water

Back 21

-Polar and can dissolve other polar substances
-Cohesion and adhesion
-High heat capacity
-High surface tension

Front 22

Acidic

Back 22

A solution that contains a lot of hydrogen ions is

Front 23

Basic

Back 23

A solution that does not release hydrogen ions when added to water is

Front 24

Organic Compounds

Back 24

Chemical compounds in living organisms that contain a skeleton of carbon atoms

Front 25

Inorganic Compounds

Back 25

Chemical compounds in living organisms that do not contain carbon atoms
(Example: NaCl)

Front 26

Four Classes of Organic Compounds Central to Life on Earth

Back 26

-Carbohydrates
-Proteins
-Lipids
-Nucleic Acids

Front 27

Carbohydrates

Back 27

Organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Front 28

Monosaccharides

Back 28

Single sugars
Eg: Glucose and Fructose

Front 29

Disaccharides

Back 29

Two sugars
Eg: Maltose

Front 30

Glycosidic Bond

Back 30

Formed when two glucose molecules link to form maltose

Front 31

Dehydration Synthesis/Condensation

Back 31

The process in which a disaccharide is formed from two monosaccharides. During this process, a water molecule is lost.

Front 32

Hydrolysis

Back 32

The process in which a disaccharide is broken down into two monosaccharides...occurs by adding water

Front 33

Polysaccharides

Back 33

Made up of many repeated units of monosaccharides
Eg: Starch, cellulose, glycogen

Front 34

Starch

Back 34

Plants stockpile alpha glucose in plasmids in the form of

Front 35

Glycogen

Back 35

Animals store glucose as this in the liver and muscle cells

Front 36

Cellulose

Back 36

Made up of beta glucose, it make up a major part of the cell wall and functions in structural support.

Front 37

Amino Acids

Back 37

Organic molecules that serve as the building blocks of proteins

Front 38

Parts of An Amino Acid

Back 38

-Amino Group
-Carboxyl Group
-Hydrogen
-R Group

Front 39

Side Chain

Back 39

Another name for the R Group of the amino acid

Front 40

Functional Groups

Back 40

The distinctive groups of atoms that play a large role in determining the chemical behavior of the compound they are a part of

Front 41

Amino Group Formula

Back 41

NH2

Front 42

Alkyl Group Formula

Back 42

C(N)H(2N+1)

Front 43

Methyl Group Formula

Back 43

CH3

Front 44

Ethyl Group Formula

Back 44

C2H5

Front 45

Propyl Group Formula

Back 45

C3H7

Front 46

Carboxyl Group Formula

Back 46

COOH

Front 47

Hydroxyl Group Formula

Back 47

OH

Front 48

Aldehyde Group Formula

Back 48

CHO

Front 49

Carbonyl (Keto) Group Formula

Back 49

CO

Front 50

Sulfhydryl (Thiol) Group Formula

Back 50

SH

Front 51

Phenyl Group Formula

Back 51

C6H5

Front 52

Dipeptide

Back 52

Formed when two amino acids join together

Front 53

Peptide Bond

Back 53

The bond between two amino acids

Front 54

Polypeptide

Back 54

A string of amino acids

Front 55

Protein

Back 55

A 3D polypeptide chain structure

Front 56

Lipids

Back 56

Consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms and include fats, oils phospholipids and steroids

Front 57

Components of Neutral Fats

Back 57

-3 Fatty Acids (COOH)
-1 Glycerol (OH)

Front 58

Triglyceride

Back 58

Fat

Front 59

Ester Linkage

Back 59

The linkage formed between glycerol molecule and fatty acids

Front 60

Saturated Fat

Back 60

A fat with a single covalent bond between each pair of carbon atoms

Front 61

Unsaturated Fat

Back 61

A fat which has adjacent carbons joined by double bonds

Front 62

Polyunsaturated Fat

Back 62

A fat which has many double bonds within the fatty acid

Front 63

Components of Phospholipids

Back 63

-Two fatty acid "tails"
-One negatively charged phosphate "head"

Front 64

Importance of Phospholipids (3 properties)

Back 64

-Hydrophobic tails
-Hydrophillic head
-Amphipathic

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Hydrophobic

Back 65

"Water-hating", Example: Fatty Acid

Front 66

Hydrophillic

Back 66

"Water-loving", Example: Phosphate

Front 67

Amphipathic

Back 67

When a molecule has both a hydrophobic and hydrophillic region

Front 68

Structure of a Steroid

Back 68

Basic structure is four linked carbon rings

Front 69

Examples of Steroids

Back 69

Cholesterol, Vitamin D, Hormones

Front 70

Nucleic Acids

Back 70

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous

Front 71

Nucleotides

Back 71

The subunits of nucleic acids

Front 72

DNA

Back 72

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Front 73

RNA

Back 73

Ribonucleic Acid

Front 74

Importance of DNA

Back 74

Contains genes

Front 75

Importance of RNA

Back 75

Protein Synthesis

Front 76

Oparin and Haldane

Back 76

Proposed that the primitive environment had methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water (almost no free oxygen)

Front 77

Miller and Urey

Back 77

Simulated conditions of primitive earth in a lab, proving Oparin and Haldane's theory

Front 78

Heterotrophs/Consumers

Back 78

Organisms that rely on organic molecules for food

Front 79

Autotrophs/Producers

Back 79

Organisms that can make their own food

Front 80

Heterotroph Hypothesis

Back 80

The theory that the earliest forms of life were most likely heterotrophs, relying on other organic molecules for energy