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CHAPTER 1

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INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

RRL

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK SOP

HYPOTHESIS

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

SCOPE AND DELIMITION

DEFINITION OF TERMS

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CHAPTER 2

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RESEARCH

DESIGN

SETTING

RESPONDENTS

SAMPLE SIZE and SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

INSTRUMENTATION

DATA GATHERING

STATISTICAL TREATMENT

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Data Gathering ProcedureQualitative

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OBSERVATION

INTERVIEW

FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (FGD)

ASSESSMENT OF PERFORMANCE

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Data Gathering Procedure Quantitative

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SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES

TEST QUESTIONNAIRES

OBSERVATION

INTERVIEW

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, as defined by Barrot (2017), refers to the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure.

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Validity

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Types of Validity

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FACE VALIDITY

CONTENT VALIDITY

CONSTRUCT VALIDITY

CRITERION VALIDITY

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- An instrument has face validity when it “appears” to measure the variables being studied. Hence, checking for it is a subjective process. It does not ensure that the instrument has actual validity.

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Face Validity

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refers to the degree to which an instrument covers a representative sample (or specific elements) of the variables to be measured. Similar to face validity, assessing it is a subjective process which is done with the help of a list of specifications. This list of specifications is provided by experts in your field of study.

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Content Validity

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It is the degree to which an instrument measures the variables being studied as a whole. A construct is often an intangible or abstract variable such as personality, intelligence, or moods. If your instrument cannot detect this intangible construct, it is considered invalid.

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Construct Validity

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refers to the degree that an instrument predicts the characteristics of a variable in a certain way. This means that the instrument produces results similar to those of another instrument in measuring a certain variable. Therefore, a correlation between the results obtained through this instrument and another is ensured. Hence, it is evaluated through statistical methods.

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Criterion Validity

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TYPES OF CRITERION VALIDITY

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CONCURRENT VALIDITY

PREDICTIVE VALIDITY

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. Is the test able to predict results similar to those of a test already validated in the past? . Admission Test vs NAT

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I.CONCURRENTVALIDITY

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. Does the test produce results similar to those of another instrument that will be employed in the future? . College admission tests vs future perfiormance in Math

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2.PREDICTIVEVALIDITY

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refers to the consistency of the measures of an instrument. It is an aspect involved in the accuracy of the measurement.

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Reliability

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Types of Reliability

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I.Test-retest reliability2. Equivalent forms reliability 3. Internal consistency reliability4. I nter-rater reliability

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- is achieved by administering an instrument twice to the same group of respondents/participants and then computing the consistency of scores. It is often ideal to conduct the retest after a short period of time (e.g., two \~'eeks) in order to record a high correlation between the variables tested in the study.

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Test-retest reliability

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- is measured by administering two tests identical in all aspects except the actual \wording of items. In short, the two tests have the same coverage, difficulty level, test type, and formal. An example procedure involving equivalent forms reliability is administering a pre-test and post-test.

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2. Equivalent forms reliability

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- is a measure of hon ' well the items in two instruments measure the same construct.

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Internal consistency reliability

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- measures the consistency of scores assigned by two or more raters on a certain set of results.

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Inter-rater reliability

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Overview of the design used for the study The plan or structure for conducting a study whether it is experimental, quasi- experimental, correlational, case study, exploratory, descriptive, phenomenology, ethnography,etc. Summarizes the set of procedures that the researcher will use to obtain data to answer the research problems

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Research Design

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Included only if the setting is of particular significance or importance

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Setting

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Includes the number and relevant characteristics of the respondents as well as the sampling plan and technique The term “Respondents” is more appropriate when the method to be used is Survey; “Participants” if Interview or FGD

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Respondents/ Participants

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The term “” is more appropriate when the method to be used is Survey;

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Respondents

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“” if Interview or FGD

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Participants

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This section is where the researcher discusses the process used in coming up with the specific number of respondents for the study and how the individual respondents from the population will be selected from the population

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Sample Size and Sampling Technique

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This section discusses the data gathering tool that isused in the study Discuss how many sections parts, what are the parts, how many questions etc.

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Instrumentation

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Contains the process used when conducting the actual study Includes the step-by-step “recipe” beginning with how the subjects were contacted all the way to how the data were collected Should also contain the Ethical Considerations applied in thestudy (e.g.informed consent, debriefing procedures, and so forth)

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Data Gathering Procedure

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Describes the procedure on how the data are to be (or were) analyzed for Quantitative–Statistical Treatment/Analysis for Qualitative Thematic/ Content Analysis forMixed–Statistical and Thematic or Content Analysis

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Statistical Treatment/Data Analysis