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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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FEW |
1-2/8 |
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SCT |
3-4/8 |
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BKN |
5-7/8 |
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OVC |
8/8 |
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NSC |
<1/8 |
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SKC |
0/8 |
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CAVOK |
-Visib +10km -No clouds below 5000ft or MSA -No significant weather |
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VC |
In the vicinity |
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MI |
Shallow |
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BC |
Patches |
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PR |
Partial |
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DR |
Low drifting (height < 2m) |
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BL |
Blowing (height >= 2m) |
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SH |
Showers |
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TS |
Thunderstorm |
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FZ |
Freezing (supercooled) |
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DZ |
Drizzle |
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RA |
Rain |
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SN |
Snow |
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SG |
Snow Grains |
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PL |
Ice pellets |
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GR |
Hail |
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GS |
Small hail and/or snowpellets |
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BR |
Mist |
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FG |
Fog |
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FU |
Smoke |
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VA |
Volcanic Ash |
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DU |
Widespread dust |
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SA |
Sand |
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HZ |
Haze |
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PO |
Dust/sandwhirls (dustdevils) |
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SQ |
Squalls |
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FC |
Funnel clouds (tornado orwaterspout) |
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SS |
Sandstorm |
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DS |
Duststorm |
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METAR |
Meteorological Aerodrome Report |
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TAF |
Terminal Aerodrome Forecast |
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SPECI |
Special METAR (Issued at significant weather changes) |
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NSW |
No Significant Weather |
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Radiation Fog |
Heat radiates from surface. Cools lower air |
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Orographic Fog |
Air climbs a mountain and cools down |
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Advection Fog |
Warm humid air moves over cold surface (usually close to shoreline) |
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Sea Smoke |
Cold air moves to warm moist surface (usually land to sea) |
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Frontal Fog |
Occurs at warm front |
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Warm Front |
- Slow
- Temp slowly rises - Stratiform clouds - Light/moderate precip (AS & NS) |
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Cold Front |
- Fast - Temp drops - Vertical development clouds - Showers as front passes - Storm (CB) |
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Occluded Front |
Cold front reaches warm front from behind |
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Air composition |
78% N 21% O 1% others |
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Stratus |
ST - Very low - Usually fog |
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Stratocumulus |
SC - Low - Light/moderate turb |
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Nimbostratus |
NS - Low & medium - Big cloud - Steady precip |
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Altostratus |
AS - Medium - Fibrous. Grey/bluish |
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Altocumulus |
AC - Medium - Virga precip |
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Cirrus |
CI - High - Made of ice crystals |
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Cirrocumulus |
CC - High |
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Cirrostratus |
CS - High - Very thin |
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Cumulus |
CU - Low - Dense and isolated |
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Towering Cumulus |
TCU - Low & medium - Beggining of strom - Moderate/severe turb |
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Cumulonimbus |
CB - Low, medium & high - Storm - Severe turb |
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Fog vs mist |
Fog: - Visib < 1000 m - Local Mist - Visib > 1000 m - Widespread |
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Rime Ice |
- Small supercooled water droplets - White. Porous. Opaque - LE. Easely removable |
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Clear Ice |
- Big supercooled water droplets - Heavy. Transparent - All surfaces. Hard to remove |
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Icing effects |
- Decreased lift
- Increased drag - Increased weight |
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Effects on density |
- Inversely proportional to Temperature - Inversely proportional to Humidity - Directly proportional to Pressure |
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ISA at MSL |
T = +15ºC P = 1013.25 hPa D = 1,225 kg/m^3 |
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Altimetry |
QNE - Standard - FL / Pressure altitude QNH - Sea - Altitude QFE - Ground - Height |
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Troposphere |
- Almost all weather phenomena
- 75% of air in weight |
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Stratosphere |
- Almost no weather phenomena - Ozone layer - Winds in horizontal layers (stratus) |
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VMC conditions |
- 5 km visib - Ceiling 1500 ft AGL |
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SVFR minimum conditions |
On ground: - 3000 m visib - Ceiling 1100 ft In flight: - 1500 m visib - Ceiling 700 ft |
