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236 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Isotherms:
line at ... joining points of .... |
Wx chart
same temp |
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SAT (temp)
ambient ....... ...air temp same as ... |
static air temp
free OAT |
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Rame Rise
by .... at .... |
adiabatic comp
hi speed |
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TAT
is the temp .... =...+... |
indicated on instrument
SAT + RR |
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Adiabatic process
.... with no .... |
changes
loss/ gain of energy |
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DALR
is ...../1000ft |
3 c
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SALR
is ..../1000ft |
1.5 c
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ELR > DALR
? |
Unstable
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ELR < SALR
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Stable
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DALR > ELR > SALR
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conditionally stable
(unstable when saturated ) |
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JSA?
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Jet STD ATM
assumes no Tropopause |
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Px is the ... of .... of air
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weight
column |
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Isobars
Lines at .... joining lines of .... |
Wx chart
equal Px @ SL |
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Density
.... per .... of a substance |
mass
unit volume |
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@constant Px
Temp vs. Density |
i-prop
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... has the max effect on density
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temp
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Humidity vs Density
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i-prop
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RH:
Ratio of ....at air to .......... at current ... as ... |
water vapor
max the air can hold temp % |
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RH vs. moisture
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prop
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measuring RH?
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wet/dry bulb temp
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no more ... at DP
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water vapor
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DP temp vs. moisture
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prop
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Dry = wet bulb temp ⇒ ...
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air is saturated
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Flight level is a ... of ...... abv ...
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plane
constant ATM Px STD |
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Flight level ⇒to the nearest ...
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1000
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DA is the ... @w ........ experienced corresponds to .
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Px
air density value |
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QFE:
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Px observed at FE
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QFE shows a zeroed altimeter at ....or ...
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TD point on Rwy
Highest point on AF |
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QNH is ... reduced to ... using ...
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QFE
MSL ISA |
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QNH
2 types |
Airfield
Regional : lowest MSL Px for area forc. |
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QNE
shows .... and ... where ... is set |
hight
touchdown 1013 |
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Contour chart levels
700mb=... |
10,000 ft
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Contour chart levels
500mb=... |
18,000 ft
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Contour chart levels
300mb=... |
30,000
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Contour chart levels
200mb=... |
40,000
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Contour chart levels
100mb=... |
50,000
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cloud formation requires
(3) |
moisture
lifting action adiabatic cooling |
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when a parcel of air cools adiabatically , its ... goes up
leading to ... to be reached and hence becomes saturated |
RH
DP |
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Fibrous clouds
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Cirriform
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heaped clouds
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Cumuliform
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layered clouds
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Stratiform
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rain bearing clouds
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Nimbus
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Hi level clouds are above ...
containing ... |
16500 ft
ice crystals |
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med level clouds are above ...
containing ... |
6500 ft
ice/crystal mix |
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what are stratocumulus ?
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low level cloud
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cloud cover reporting
FEW |
1/8 - 2/8
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cloud cover reporting
SCT |
3/8 - 4/8
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cloud cover reporting
BRK |
5/8 - 7/8
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cloud cover reporting
OVK |
8/8
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cloud base calculation
ROT formula |
(surf temp / surf DP) x 400
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cloud base calculation
formula |
[(surf DBT - WBT) / 1.5] x 1000
(1.5 is DP laps rate ) |
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tropopause is btw ...and ...
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Troposphere
Stratosphere |
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Inversion is caused by
... cooling @ ... .... @ hi Px sys ... mix |
low level / night
subsidence turb |
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Surface inversion
.... cools by .... ⇒ ....... cools |
ground / radiation
surf air |
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Drizzle
V.small WD : .... |
0.1 to 2.0
mm |
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Rain
WD size |
2.0 to 5.8
mm |
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heavy rain
@ larg AC Wt inc by ... Drag inc by ... |
2 %
20 % |
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heavy rain ⇒ PAPI ....
leading to .... |
false ind
low app |
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rain halo around Rwy lits ⇒
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illusion of being closer to gnd
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Met Visibility is
the ......... @w objects are ... @ ...... or ...... |
greatest Hor Dist
recognized day light special lights at night |
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RVR
... that .... can be seen from a point coresp. to .... @ .... |
max dist
Rwy lits pilot eyes / TD |
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SVR
acronym |
Slant Vis Range
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SVR
.... as seen from .... and could be ... that actual |
Vis
app better |
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RVR msrment using ....
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transmissometer
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transmissometer
type 1 > .... msrs ... type 2> ... msrs ... |
Reflective > reflectivity
Tx & Rx > intensity |
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Met vis to RVR conv
not for ... & ... |
Take off minima
CAT II-III landing minima |
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Fog or Mist forms when small ... and ... difference
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DP
Temp |
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favorable cond
for fog/mist |
Hi RH
Temp & DP > close/equal little/no wind > 2-8kts little/no clouds > loss of rad |
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fog: vis is ....
mist: vis is ... |
fog : below 1000ft
mist : above 1000ft |
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Radiation Fog
principle of formation: .... the .... ....... over ... |
ground cools the surface air
moist air over cool ground |
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Radiation Fog
favorable conditions |
no clouds
little wind |
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Radiation Fog
occurs in ... @ ... |
land
night |
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Advection Fog
principle of formation: by ..... ......... over ... |
horizontal movement of air
warm moist ar over cool ground |
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Advection Fog
favorable conditions |
lit to mod winds for mixing
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Advection Fog
occurs ... @ .... |
in land or sea
day or night |
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Frontal Fog
Caused by .... |
interaction of two air masses
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Frontal Fog
produces a .... fog |
widespread
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Sea smoke (arctic smoke)
principle of formation: .... over ... |
cold air over warm surf
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Precipitation induced Fog
principle of formation: .... |
warm air through cold air
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Upslope Fog (hill fog)
principle of formation: ........ air .... at mountain slope |
moist warm stable
cooled |
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Optimum icing temp
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0 to -20 deg C
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limited icing at temp of ... cuz ...
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below -40 C
any moisture >> crystal |
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Types of icing and temp range
Clear |
0 to -10
deg C |
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Types of icing and temp range
Clear & Rime |
-10 to -15
deg C |
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Types of icing and temp range
Rime |
-15 to -20
dec C |
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Rime ice
.... droplets from ... clouds |
small
stratiform |
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Rime ice
freezing .... , ... air hence its ... and ... |
quickly
trapping opaque brittle |
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Clear ice
... droplets from ... clouds |
large
Cu |
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Clear ice
freezing .... and hence are .... and ... |
slowly
strong clear |
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Rime ice effect on aerofoil and Wt
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only changes aerofoil
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Clear ice effect on aerofoil and Wt
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affects both
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Freezing Rain
Caused by ....... falling through .... |
warmer ari above subzero air
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Carb ice
at the .... of ... eng |
carb venture
norm asp |
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Carb ice
Occurs mostly at .... @ ... |
warm moist air
low power |
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Carb ice
temp range |
+10 to 15 C
upto +30 C |
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Engine anti ice needed when ?
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OAT below +10 C
+ visible moisture |
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Icing Conditions Definitions
perceptible but no hazard |
Trace
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Icing Conditions Definitions
occasional anti/de icing |
Light
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Icing Conditions Definitions
anti/de icing is necessary and potentially hazardous |
Mod
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Icing Conditions Definitions
de/anti icing won't help immediate diversion necessary |
Sever
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Jet streams
... to ... kts |
60 to 200
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Jet streams
just below the ... |
T.Pause
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Jet streams
found where ...... exists |
rapid temp change
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major Jet streams
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Polar front
subtropical |
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Polar front Jet stream
where ... meets .... so it has the ..... |
polar air
subtropical air largest thermal gradient |
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Polar front Jet stream
is max @ .... over.... |
winter
land |
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Clear Air Turb (CAT)
Worst just ...... |
below the Jet stream core
@warmer air @colder(polar)side |
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Turbulence Classification
Rhythmic buffet |
Chope
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Turbulence Classification
may require seat belt |
Light
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Turbulence Classification
unsecured obj at rest |
Light
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Turbulence Classification
requires seat belt unsecured objects move |
Moderate
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Turbulence Classification
Sever (3) |
momentarily out of control
violent against seat belts unsecured obj tossed about |
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Turbulence Classification
Extrem |
practically out of control
structural dmg |
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Ts. requirements (4)
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instability
warm moist air lifting action trigger action |
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Ts moves in the direction of .... wind
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med level
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Types of Ts. (3)
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Air mass
steady state severe |
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Ts. formation
Developing stage: .... formation ... drafts ... occures |
cumulus
up condensation |
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Ts. formation
Mature stage: most ... ...drafts |
hazardous
up and down |
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Ts. formation
final(dissipating) stage: intermittent .... ... shape |
showers
anvil |
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Gust
... ... inc of ... |
sudden
brief wind speed |
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Squall lines
winds over ... kts last at least .... |
22
one minute |
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Squall lines
are .. nm ahead of Wx front |
20
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Virga
also... ...stage of Ts. |
fall streak
final |
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Hail is
... the storm ... the anvil ... of the storm |
inside
under downwind |
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Turbulence
... ft vertical ... nm lateral |
5000
20 |
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Lightning
within ... or ... of freezing level |
5000 ft
-/+ 10 C |
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Lightning
is ind of .... |
svr turb
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Microburst is a ... ... downdraft
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short
concentrated |
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Microburst is less than ... in diam.
happens close to |
4 km
ground |
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W.shear recovery technique
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Max power
Maintain config until clear max rate / grad of climb |
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Nexrad
detection of … princ …. |
windshear
hi resolution radar |
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LLWAS?
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Low level windshear alert system
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mountain waves accrue@ ….
upto …(vertical and lateral) |
lee ward side of mountain
100 mile 4000ft |
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Favorable conditions for standing waves
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flow at right angle to mountain
15kts of wind speed @ top inc with hight stable layer |
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lee trough?
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low pressure @ downwind
of mountain |
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Gust factor = ..
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(max speed - min speed ) / mean speed
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m/s to kts
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x 1.95
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kts to m/s
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x 0.514
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clockwise > …
anti clockwise >... |
veer
back |
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Pressure Gradient Force
a … force by …. across ... |
natural
pressure difference |
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Pressure Gradient Force
at Right Angle to …. generates airflow from ... |
Isobars
Hi to Lo |
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Coriolis Force
caused by …. acts at …. to …. motion |
earth's rotation
right angle air |
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Coriolis Force
is zero at … max at ... |
Eq
Poles |
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Coriolis Force
causes a … at N.H. |
right deflection
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Geostrophic Wind
Resultant of .. and .. |
Pressure Gradient Force
Coriolis Force |
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Geostrophic Wind
along ……... |
straight parallel isobars
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Geostrophic Wind
its strength is prop to ... |
isobars spacing
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Geostrophic Wind
is from … to .. hight |
low
med |
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Gradient Wind
Its a modification of …. |
Geostrophic Wind
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Gradient Wind
its round ... |
curved isobars
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Gradient Wind speed
vs Hi & Lo pressure system |
lower round a low
higher round a hi |
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force required to keep wind @ circle
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Cyclostrophic wind
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Thermal winds
by ……. at ……. |
large hi level expanses of air
different temp |
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Thermal winds
are parallel to ... |
isotherms
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Thermal winds
speed is prop to |
isotherm spacing
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Low pressure system
… rotation |
anti clockwise
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surface wind variation
below 2000 ft … than gradient wind bcz of … wind … & … with hight |
lower
surface friction back/ decrease |
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Diurnal wind variation
@ day …. @ night ... |
closer to Gradient wind
back and dec (n.h) |
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Tri cell theory
also ... |
halley cells
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Tri cell theory
Eq … /.../... |
convergence
rising air tropical |
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Tri cell theory
@ 30 deg N/S …. /... |
Anticyclone (hi Px system )
deserts |
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Tri cell theory
@ 60 deg N/S …./.... |
Depression
disturbed frontal Weather |
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Tri cell theory
@ poles ... |
cold dry air
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Upper Winds
polar hi … subtropical ... tropical ... |
polar easterlies
westerly NE Trades |
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Thermal Eq is the … position of
………. |
geographic
max thermal surface temp |
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Thermal Eq moves towards the ... at summer
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poles
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ITCZ is a … zone caused by ….
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unstable
trade winds convergency |
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ITCZ winds
very little winds at ITCZ |
doldrums
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ITCZ winds
caused by Coriolis effect |
NE & SE trade winds
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ITCZ winds
Reversal of wind direction at winter seasons |
Monsoons
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Monsoons
is caused by ……. of ... |
differential heating
land and sea |
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Rainy monsoon
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SW summer
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Dry monsoon
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NE winter
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Fohn wind
a …… air @ …. |
dry warm
lee side |
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Air Mass:
…. mass of air with ……. of …and ... |
larg
similar properties temp / moisture content |
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Air Mass classification is based on ...
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source
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Air Mass classification
Eq → T → P → A → (deg of lat ) |
10 of Eq
blw 30 40 - 60 60 - 90 |
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Air Mass track classification
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C → land
M → sea |
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TRS
………. depressions @ …. round ... |
deep intense
Eq region ITCZ |
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TRS
time? |
late summer
early autumn |
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TRS
Formation conditions (3) |
large low pressure system
warm ocean (28 C) 5 to 20 deg latitud |
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TRS
occurs near … where …. exists |
ITCZ
Coriolis effect |
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TRS
movement direction |
E to W
away from Eq |
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TRS
Dies over … bcz of …. |
land
friction / lack of moisture |
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TRS
… rotation in S.H |
clockwise
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TRS
name @ indian / Pacific |
cyclone
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TRS
name @ Caribbean / Americas |
Hurricane
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TRS
name @ China sea |
Typhoon
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TRS
stages |
Formation
immature mature decay |
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TRS
average diameter |
500 nm
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Pressure systems
a … air mass moving at … ie. … to ... |
circulating
specific direction Hi to Lo |
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Constant Px charts
joining Constant Px places showing varying hights |
contour charts
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Hi pressure system
consists of … air mass |
one
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Hi pressure system
moves … lasts … and is ... |
slowly
longer more persistant |
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Hi pressure system
due to subsiding air , DP … and RH ... |
increase
decrease |
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Low pressure system has a hi …. over and area
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concentration
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4 types of depressions
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frontal
thermal tropical storms orographic |
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Ridge ?
(3) |
Hi pressure system
curved elongated U shaped ridge is calmer |
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Col ?
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low pressure area
btw 2 lo and 2 hi |
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col weather characteristics
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Unstable @ sea @ summer(Ts)
Stable @ land @ winter(poor vis) |
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Frontal Depression
2 ari mass meet but don't … bcz ... |
mix
difference is temp and density |
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Cold front has a … slop of ...
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steep
1:50 |
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Cold front coverage area is …
and that gives ... |
30 -50 nm
little warning |
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cold front is … moving but … at altitude
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fast
lags |
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After a cold front passage,
we'll have a sudden drop in ... but … will stop falling |
temp
Pressure |
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warm front has … slop of ...
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shallow forward
1:150 |
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top of warm front is … ahead of surface position.
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600nm
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Warm front approaching :
… lowering upto ... |
cloud base
low level N.S. |
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warm front is … than cold (speed)
bcz the … used to lift it up! |
slower
geostrophic wind component |
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wind direction … at cold front passage and … at warm front passage
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both VEER
at N.hem |
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a visible discharge ?
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St. Elmo's Fire
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what is the reversal of ocean currents ?
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El Nino
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Report of Volcanic ass
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Ashtam
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Eruption codes
Red Orange Yellow Green |
R → in prog dng abv FL250
O → in prog dng not abv FL250 Y → time to time G → ceased |
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TAF?
|
Terminal Aerodrom Forecast
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TAF:
A coded …….. for and AD |
routine weather forecast
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TAF periods (2)
|
9 hr → updated every 3 hr
24 hr → updated every 6 hr |
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TAF Trends
FM |
new part
supersedes main |
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TAF Trends
BCMG |
@ special time
permanent |
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TAF Trends
TEMPO duration |
not lasting more than :
one hr @ a time half the specified period |
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TAF Trends
PROB |
Less than 50%
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TAF Trends
INTER |
intermittent change
more frequent than TEMPO |
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TAF Trends
GRADU |
gradual change
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TAF Trends
RAPID |
less than 30 min
new permanent weather |
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METAR period
|
hourly
half hourly @ fixed time > 20 / 50 min past |
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NOSIG ?
at METAR |
no significant change in 2 hrs
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TREND ?
at METAR |
significant change in 2 hrs
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CAVOK
|
Ceiling & visibility OK
vis >= 10 km no CBs no cloud blw 4000ft / MSA no sig weather near/@ AP |
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ATIS ?
|
Automatic Terminal Information Service
|
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ATIS includes … & ...
|
current weather
operation |
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VOLMET includes …/ …/ ...
|
current weather
trends sigs |
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Special Forecast
|
Long flight
with prior notice |
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SPECI
|
Report certain weather conditions
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AIRMET
|
Recorded Telephone briefing
for specified area |
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SIGMET
|
Warn of Significant Met Conditions
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SIGMET validity
|
4 hrs
|
