Powders And Granules

Front 1

Three types of granules and powders

Back 1

Powders

Medicated Powders

Granules

Front 2

Characteristics of powders

Back 2

Particle Size and Analysis

Comminution of Drugs

Blending Powders

Front 3

Medicated Powders

Back 3

Aerosol Powders

Bulk and Divided Powders

–Bulk Powders

–Divided Powders

Front 4

How are Effervescent Granulated Salts produced?

Back 4

–Fusion Method

–Wet Method

Front 5

Particle Size and Analysis of Powders

Back 5

•Very Coarse #8 Sieve 2,360 μm 2.36 mm
•Coarse #20 Sieve 850 μm 0.85mm
•Mod. Coarse #40 Sieve 425 μm
•Fine #60 Sieve 250 μm
•Very Fine #80 Sieve 180 μm

Front 6

Why Particle Size is important ?

Back 6

•Dissolution

•Suspendability of suspensions

•Uniformity of mixtures in liquids

•Penetrability of particles for inhalation
•Nongrittiness for ointments, creams, gels

Front 7

Why is it important for particle size of powders to be uniform?

Back 7

•If uniform, will aid in mixing and distribution
•Finer particles may migrate to bottom
•Larger particles may migrate to top
•Differences may change the color intensity of a powder
•Especially important in dermatologicals

Front 8

What is Comminution of Drugs?

Back 8

The process of reducing the particle size of a solid substance to a finer state of subdivision
•Stone mills were the original implement for grinding.
•Mortars and pestles are the symbol of pharmacy.

Front 9

What are the objectives of comminution?

Back 9

•Facilitate crude drug extraction
•Increase the dissolution rates of drugs
•Aid in the formulation process
•Enhance absorption

Front 10

Methods of comminution?

Back 10

Mechanical

Manual

Front 11

Trituration (to rub to pieces) is a method of communution. Give examples:-

Back 11

–Pill tile and spatula
–Mortar and pestle
–Different types of Mortars
•Wedgewood
•Glass

Front 12

Levigation is a method of comminution. What does it mean and what are the methods.

Back 12

•Levigation means to make smooth

•Triturating while moistened with a liquid in which the powder is INSOLUBLE

Front 13

Pulverization by intervention is a manual method of comminution

Back 13

Comminution by utilizing a SOLVENT that can be easily removed.

Front 14

What does Blending Powders mean?

Back 14

•Reduce particle size until uniform with other ingredients.

Front 15

How does one blend powders?

Back 15

•Start with substance present in the smallest amount and add ingredient with next larger quantity (if practical) using geometric dilution technique. Also “tracer” method.

•Continue adding substances until all are added and uniformly mixed.

Front 16

What is a geometric dilution technique?

Back 16

The process of diluting something based on its measured size.

Most often, scientists and doctors employ this method when combining fine powders of unequal amounts to ensure equal distribution.

The process involves slowly combining the products in a small portion at a time.

Front 17

What are three types of medicated powders?

Back 17

•Dentifrices

-powders used to clean teeth
•Insufflations
–Intended for application to the body cavities (e.g., tooth sockets, ears, nose, throat, vagina)
•Powder Aerosols
–Antiperspirants, deodorants, feminine hygiene sprays, body sprays, insufflations, dry lubricants

Front 18

Aerosol Powders

Back 18

•Inhalation
•Dry-powder inhalers
•Micronized powders
•External application and nose, throat, lung, and vagina
•Insufflators
•Powder blowers

Front 19

Bulk and Divided Powders

Back 19

•Bulk Powders
–Intended to be administered in dosage quantities that are safe for the patient to measure
–Should pass through a 100 mesh sieve
–Dusting powders, aerosols, dentifrices, antacids, laxatives, dietary nutrient supplements, douches

Front 20

Dusting Powders

Back 20

•Must be homogenous, free from potential of causing local irritation
•Should flow easily, spread uniformly, and cling to the skin upon application
•Generally dispensed in sifter-top containers

Front 21

Powders: Categories

Back 21

•Divided Powders (chartulae, charts, powder papers, powders)
–Single doses of the powdered drug mixture individually enclosed in paper, cellophane, or metallic foil wrappers or packets
–Sufficiently potent to require premeasured doses

Front 22

Advantages of Divided Powders

Back 22

1. Allows physicians to prescribe a precise amount of the drug.
2. More stable than the liquid form of many drugs.
3. Dissolve more rapidly than compressed solid dosage forms.
4. Rapid dissolution leads to faster blood levels and possibly less GI irritation.

Front 23

What are divided powders?

Back 23

Single doses of powdered medicinals individually wrapped in cellophane, metallic foil, or paper. The divided powder is a more accurate dosage form than bulk powder because the patient is not involved in measurement of the dose. Cellophane and foil-enclosed powders are better protected from the external environment until the time of administration than paper-enclosed powders. Divided powders are commercially available in foil, cellophane or paper packs.

Front 24

Benefits of divided powders?

Back 24

•Easily alter dose
•Clinical studies, easy to prepare and alter
•Infants/young children (“sprinkles”)
•Bulky drugs
•Rapid onset of action, good bioavailability
•Stable

Front 25

Disadvantages of Powders

Back 25

1. Not suitable for bitter, nauseating, or corrosive drugs.
2. Preparation is time-consuming, therefore more costly.
3. Exposure of powder to atmospheric conditions.

Front 26

Stages of Preparation of Powders

Back 26

•Spatulation
•Trituration
•Sifting
•Tumbling

Front 27

What are Hygroscopic powders?

Back 27

–Substances that absorb moisture from the air

Front 28

What are deliquescent powders

Back 28

Substances that absorb moisture from the air to the extent that they liquify by partially or wholly forming a solution

Front 29

Examples: Hygroscopic and Deliquescent Powders

Back 29

•Ammonium Bromide/Chloride/Iodide
•Calcium Bromide/Chloride
•Ephedrine Sulfate
•Hyoscyamine HBr/Sulfate
•Lithium Bromide
•Phenobarbital Sodium
•Potassium Acetate/Citrate
•Sodium Bromide/Iodide/Nitrate
•Physostigmine Sulfate/HCl/HBr
•Pilocarpine

Front 30

What are Efflorescent Powders?

Back 30

Crystalline substances that become powdery and liberate their water of crystallization

Front 31

What are examples of Efflorescent Powders?

Back 31

Alums, atropine sulfate, caffeine, calcium lactate, citric acid, cocaine, codeine phosphate/sulfate, ferrous sulfate, morphine acetate, scopolamine HBr, sodium acetate, sodium carbonate, sodium phosphate, strychnine sulfate, terpin hydrate

Front 32

What are Eutectic Mixtures?

Back 32

a proportion of components that will give the lowest melting point

a mixture of components with a melting point less than room temperature

Front 33

Examples of Eutectic Mixtures?

Back 33

Aspirin,

Betanapthol

camphor

chloral hydrate

menthol

phenol

salol

thymol

Front 34

Avoiding Eutectics

Back 34

1. Dispense powders separately.
2. Add an absorbent powder (talc, starch, lactose, calcium phosphate).
3. Keep ingredients separated as much as possible.
4. Make the eutectic, then add absorbent to incorporate the liquid.

Front 35

What is Dusting Powder?

Back 35

•Applied to intertriginous areas as a covering to protect the skin from chafing of friction and moisture

Front 36

What are some vehicles of dusting powder?

Back 36

Bentonite, kaolin, Kieselguhr, magnesium carbonate, starch.

–Note: These vehicles will absorb secretions and dry the area and impart a cooling effect

Front 37

What are Granules?

Back 37

•Particles ranging from 4 to 10 mesh in size
•Not intended for use with potent drugs because of inherent error when a patient measures the dose with a teaspoon, scoop, etc.
•Good for unstable drugs
•Example: antibiotics for reconstitution

Front 38

How are Granules Prepared?

Back 38

By moistening blended powders and by passing this mass through a screen or a granulator
•Granules are then air or oven dried.
•Flavors can be sprayed on the granules and then dried.

Front 39

What are Effervescent Granules?

Back 39

They contain mixtures of citric acid, tartaric acid, or sodium biphosphate with a bicarbonate and a medicinal agent

•The carbonated solution is a pleasant vehicle and lessens the bitter and salty taste of salts (e.g., magnesium sulfate).

Front 40

How are effervescent granules dispensed?

Back 40

–Packets
–Wide-mouth bottles
•Do not want them to effervesce too quickly as they will overflow the container during mixing

Front 41

Examples of effervescent granules?

Back 41

Lactinex, Bassoran, Zantac

Front 42

Douche Powders

Back 42

•Boric acid 80 g
•Ammonium aluminum sulfate 15 g
•Menthol 500 mg
•Sodium lauryl sulfate 500 mg
•Thymol 300 mg
•Phenol 200 mg
•Tannic acid 500 mg