Basic Principles In Dispensing And Compounding

Front 1

Compounding :

Back 1

Preparation of medicine from the basic ingredients on small scale.

Front 2

What are fundamental operations in compounding ?

Back 2

1. Weighing

2. Measurement of liquids

3. Dissolution

4. Size Reductions

5. Filtration

6. Size separation

7. Mixing

Front 3

Weighing :

Back 3

1. Class B balances are used which are in prescribed limits of error for beam scales.

2. Electronic balances are used.

3. The minimum weigh able amount for class A balances are 50 mg and for class B 100mg .

4. Approximation should be avoided as possible.

5. Weights use should also comply the regulations of shape, compositions and limits of error.

Front 4

Measurements of liquids :

Back 4

1. Conical or beaker shaped measures are used for large volumes. The minimum measure able quantity for a small is 10ml and conical measure is 1ml.

Front 5

Why conical or beaker shape measures are used ? Advantages and limitations

Back 5

1. Easy to fill without spilling of liquid of prep and easy to rinse out after draining.

2. Difficult to read miniscus accurately

3. Difficult to estimate volumes b/w graduations.

Front 6

Filteration

Back 6

Use for separation of suspended particles in solution.

Front 7

What are factors that increase the rate of dissolution?

Back 7

1. Finely powdering of solids.

2. Agitation.

3. Raising temp

4. Decreasing viscosity.

Front 8

Factors that increase rate of filtration :

Back 8

1. Osmosis(increasing osmosis).

2. Decreasing viscosity of liquids.

3. Increasing surface area of filter media. ( pleated filter is used)

4. Using a filter paper of high porosity.

Front 9

Filter papers used are :

Back 9

1. Whats man filter paper : 1,50,54

2. Sintered glass filter paper: no 3 , no 4

Front 10

Mixing :

Back 10

Use for prep of mixtures of solid , semi solid and liquids.

homogeneous mixture :solution - done by shaking and steering .

Heterogeneous mixtures : emulsions and suspensions - continuously mixing is done by use of mortle and pastle

Front 11

Reasons for size reductions :

Back 11

1. To increase dissolution rate.

2. Increase absorption

3. Perpetrators are free from ritiness.

Front 12

What are desire able features of container ?

Back 12

1. Must be rigid enough to prevent damage to the contents.

2. Material for construction must not reach with the content. Containers should not absorb adjuvants or medicament.

3. Easy to label the container.

4. Protection from light should be given.

5. Must be easy to close.

6. Should be pharmaceutically elegant.

Front 13

Closures must prevent:

Back 13

* excess of moisture.

* unintentional escape of contents.

* restrict entry of dirty or other contaminants. Such as odourless vapours that may cause detoriation.

Front 14

Deliquescence :

Back 14

The absorption of moisture by a substance to make a solution.

Front 15

Efflorescence :

Back 15

The migration of salt to a porous surface to form a coating.

Front 16

Types of containers :

Back 16

1. Well closed containers

2. Air tight containers - prevents changes due to efflorescence and deliquescence and evaporation.

3. Securely closed containers - prevent unintentional displacement of closure.

4. Hermetically sealed container - impervious to air and other gases . Common eg is a glass ampule sealed by fusion.

Front 17

Closures for liquid oral preparation :

Back 17

1. White propylene screw closure - inside have a crab's claw sealing ring. Eg : fair and lovely caps

2. Black thermosetting plastic closures- requires a inner lining , resist distortion upon repeated tightening of cap , provide protection from light .

Front 18

Why PVC containers are used ?

Back 18

Because they are rigid , lighter than glass , unbreakable, less transparent than glass.

Front 19

Containers used for preparation that are not intended to be swallowed :

Back 19

Flutted or ribbed , oval glass bottles which have flutes down to the back. So the feel of flutes warned the user even in the dark that contents are not to be swallowed.

Front 20

Child resistant containers :

Back 20

To provide protection for children against accidentally poisoning. Incorporates a locking mechanism :

The palm and turned closures. Released by pressing down in lid with palm and turning at the same time