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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do you diagnose Aspergillus in a bird (like a wild bird)?
How can you prevent it? |
Smear of affected areas; each bird will have different signs and lesions
Throw out moldy food, keep areas clean, avoid moist areas in housing, may need antifungals. |
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* What drug works well for birds (including waterfowl) with Aspergillosis?
What drug is often used in wild birds because of its good G- efficacy? |
Itraconazole
Baytril |
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D
You are presented with massive die offs of waterfowl along the shore of a lake near the West coast in the Summer. Some ducks are found alive and they have neurologic signs and cannot lift their heads. The birds found dead are in good flesh with no characteristic lesions on necropsy. |
Botulism = C. botulinum
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What is one thing that can be done to prevent/lessen a botulism outbreak?
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Prevent fly/maggot survival because they concentrate the toxins, remove carcasses quickly, raise the water level in the lake.
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What are three ways you can diagnose Botulism?
What do you do to treat these birds? |
PCR, ELISA, mouse bioassay (sucks for the mice)
Supportive care, gavage, fluids, shade, antitoxin. |
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Lead toxicosis has been increasing/decreasing since the banning of lead shot in ____.
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Decreasing, banned in 1991
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D
You are presented with waterfowl that are weak, anorexic, with bright green diarrhea and floppy wings and legs. 1. Top differential? 2. Ways you could test for it? |
Lead toxicosis
1. Radiographs 2. Blood heavy metal test for lead. If over 0.5 mg/kg consider it lead. |
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How do you treat a bird with lead toxicosis?
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Supportive care
Fluids Gavage to try and remove lead in GI Endoscopy/surgery to remove lead Antibiotics * Chelation with CaEDTA or DMSA |
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What causes Duck Virus Enteritis?
Does it tend to affect young or old, captive or wild populations more? |
A herpesvirus
Older, captive birds are affected more. |
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D
You see an older duck in a sanctuary facility with drooping wings, is unable to fly, and has CNS signs with bloody discharge coming out of the nares and vent. |
Duck Viral Enteritis
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Since Duck Virus Enteritis is caused by a herpesvirus, what does that mean?
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1. Fairly resistant in the environment but susceptible to cleaning
2. It goes latent and is shed in the environment from carriers 3. It likes to attack multiple organs 4. It likes neuronal tissue - CNS signs * 5. Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies |
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You find a wild duck with blood dripping from its nose, and after a necropsy where you see lots of hemorrhage, you decide to take a tissue sample of liver and stain it. What should you expect and expect to see?
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Duck Virus Enteritis
Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies because a herpesvirus |
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* What can be done to treat Duck Virus Enteritis?
What can be done to prevent it? |
None specific since a virus; supportive care
Prevent interactions of wild ducks with captive ducks, use chlorine to kill the virus. There is a commercial live vaccine. Remove affected birds quickly. |
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* What causes avian cholera?
How stable is it in the environment? How is it maintained in the environment? |
Pasteurella multocida
Not very stable - heat, drying, will kill it, but it can live in water for a couple of months Wild birds act as carriers and can give it to captive birds. |
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How is avian cholera spread/shed?
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Oral/nasal/ocular, fecal secretions, can contaminate feed, water, enter cuts or the respiratory tract by breathing it in.
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* Name two diseases of waterfowl where you may see birds falling out of the sky dead.
Name two diseases where you may see birds in good flesh dying, with hemorrhages. |
Duck Virus Enteritis
Avian cholera |
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How do you diagnose Avian cholera (P. multocida)?
How do you treat it? |
Gram stain for G- bipolar rods, bacterial culture
Broad-spectrum antibiotics |
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T/F Aspergillosis is spread from bird to bird.
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False; environment, not contagious.
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* What category of disease causes the biggest losses during the growing period?
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Respiratory diseases
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What is the primarily pathogenic strain of E. coli that affects poultry?
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O157:H7
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** What are the three main things E. coli do/cause when they cause disease in poultry?
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1. Omphalitis
2. Airsacculitis 3. Acute septicemia |
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D
You are presented with one bird out of an overtly healthy flock that was founfddead this morning. On necropsy, you find "fibrinous perihepatitis, adhesive pericarditis, airsacculitis, a congested spleen, swollen joints and white necrotic foci on the liver." |
E. coli
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* What is the diagnostic test that will give you a definitive diagnosis of E. coli as the primary pathogen (since it is not often a primary pathogen but is common)
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Bacterial culture
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* Why is E. coli likely the most common cause of economic loss in poultry?
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Because it is a common secondary pathogen, which will be what kills the bird, and it is everywhere.
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D
This pathogen is a wall-less bacteria that needs serum in its media and cannot survive for long outside outside of a host. |
Mycoplasma
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D
You see adult chickens with chronic respiratory disease and turkeys with infectious sinusitis (goggle eyes) such that their infraorbital sinuses are huge. |
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
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How can Mycoplasma species be transmitted?
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On the shells of eggs (can't get through), fomites (humans, equipment) and infected carrier birds. Wildlife potential is not full understood.
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How do most flocks become infected with Mycoplasma?
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It is brought in on a new bird(s), contaminated equipment
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** Name two bacteria that can cause airsaculitis, adhesive pericarditis, and fibrinous perihepatitis in poultry.
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E. coli and Mycoplasma spp.
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* How is Mycoplasma diagnosed, including down to species?
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Culture and isolation, PCR, serology, ELISA
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A poultry house has just been found to be positive for Mycoplasma gallisepticum. What is likely to happen now?
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1. The disease will be reported to NC authorities.
2. The farm will be quarantined 3. Antibiotics may be used (tylosin, tetracyclines) 4. Likely the flock will be depopulated. |
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* If you see conjunctivitis, airsacculitis, pericarditis and decreased egg production, think:
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum
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Which Mycoplasma species affect chickens and turkeys?
Which are reportable in NC? |
M. gallisepticum = chickens and turkeys (R)
M. synoviae = chickens and turkeys (R) M. melagridis = turkeys |
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D
You are presented with a mixed backyard flock of chickens and turkeys and shortly after the introduction of a new chicken the birds are breaking with acute lameness and swollen joints. Some birds are in respiratory distress. What would you expect to find if you cut open those joints? |
Mycoplasma synoviae
Mucopurulent material inside the joints. |
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T/F M. meleagridis is an STD for turkeys, even though turkeys don't breed naturally anymore.
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True, it can be transmitted from the toms via semen
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D
In a backyard flock of turkeys you see several young poults having respiratory problems but their parents appear fine. |
M. meleagridis, causes airsaculitis in young poults but adults tend to be asymptomatic and pass it to the young.
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D
You are presented with an turkeys acute upper respiratory disease, they have rhinitis and ocular dishcharge "foamy conjunctivitis". (If these signs were in dogs what would you think?) What would you expect to see on necropsy (pathognomonic lesion)? |
Bordatella avium
Collapsed trachea- bacterial toxins damage the cartilage rings |
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* What is a huge part of control for Bordatella avium?
How is it diagnosed? |
Cleaning the waterers because they are great at spreading the bacteria.
Serology or bacterial culture |
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T/F Bordatella avium infections, if alone, rarely cause the death of the bird, but the rate goes high if there is a secondary infection present.
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True; we use antimicrobials not necessarily for the Bordatella, but for these.
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* Fowl plague in chickens =
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HPAI
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** What is the important thing to remember about High Path. AI and Exotic Newcastle Disease?
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Both have very similar signs (CNS, Resp, GI, dec. egg production, death) and you need laboratory testing to tell them apart.
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How many H's and N's are there that can make up Avian Influenza serotypes?
Which H serotypes are of concern to people and animals? |
H 1-16
N 1-9 H5, H7 |
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* Why are the H5 and H7 AI serotypes of concern to humans and animals?
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Because any of the H5 and H7 forms can mutate between the high and low path forms.
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T/F Both HPAI and LPAI are reportable diseases in NC
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True
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D
You are presented with sick and dead chickens across several farms with drops in egg production with wrinkled shells, respiratory signs, diarrhea, edema, cyanosis, and some birds are having convulsions. |
HPAI
END |
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What will likely happen for a confirmed farm with HPAI?
Is vaccination possible/a good idea for AI? |
Depopulation
Yes, as it does help and there are antigenically different strains of vaccine AI |
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"DIVA" =
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Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals
Used in the case of AI vaccines |
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T/F There some populations of turkeys in NC with endemic LPAI strains.
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True, (I think)
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T/F Exotic Newcastle Disease just affects poultry, but it has a worldwide distribution.
Name the three classifications for Newcastle Disease: |
False, it affects many types of birds, while it is widespread.
1. Lentogenic = Mild 2. Mesogenic = Moderate 3. Velogenic = END = Severe |
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* What is the primary risk to the US for acquiring Exotic Newcastle Disease?
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Movement of infected birds into this country from carrier countries.
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T/F END has never been introduced to this country.
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False, in California in 2002, from Mexian fighting birds
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D
You come onto a farm that has lots of acutely ill chickens that were about to go to processing. Many birds are depressed, some are stargazing, some have paresis, others have cyanotic combs, darkened areas on their legs, diarrhea, and respiratory problems. |
HPAI
END |
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Correct this statement:
We routinely vaccinate for the endemic forms of Newcastle disease, but since there are endemic forms in this country, we cannot monitor birds with serology like we do for AI. |
Trick question; the statement is fine.
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What is used to get a definitive diagnosis for Newcastle Disease?
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Virus Isolation, *PCR
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D
You come into a farm that has an acute onset of chickens having respiratory signs, coughing, decrease in egg production with misshapen eggs, conjunctivitis, |
IBV
This could also be HPAI, END |
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Regulations regarding the importation of birds into this country were created to prevent the entry of this disease:
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END
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* What is the gold standard for identifying Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV)?
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Virus isolation (injecting lung and tracheal samples into embryonated eggs)
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Does the Infectious Bronchitis Virus vaccine cause problems with serology like with END, or can it be differentiated from the wild strains like HPAI?
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It confuses serology like with END.
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Though not in it's name, this viral disease also has 'nephrogenic' strains that can cause an acute nephritis and make the kidneys appear swollen.
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Infectious Bronchitis Virus
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* What is the problem with the vaccines for Infectious Bronchitis Virus?
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They are serotype-specific, so if a farm has another type, it will not be very helpful.
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* This zoonotic disease is a large concern for pet bird owners (parrots), those who come into contact with pigeons, and poultry, especially free-range birds.
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Chlamydophila psittaci
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* This cousin of the rickettsial organisms must grow on cell culture or embryonated eggs because it is an obligate intracellular parasite.
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Chlamydophila psittaci
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* How can you diagnose Chlamydophila psittaci?
What is something to remember when collecting your samples? |
Look for intracytoplasmic inclusions on stained smears
Birds are intermittent shedders so you might not find it on just one day's sampling. |
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Describe what Chlamydiosis looks like in a human:
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High fever
Headache Pneumonia *DVM's may need to be the ones to inform MD's |
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D
Several of the workers in a turkey processing plant have been out sick with a high fever and one is in the hospital for an inexplicable case of pneumonia. How could this have been prevented? |
Chlamydiosis
Good PPE: masks, gloves, etc |
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** If you discover a case of Chlamydiosis, what do you as the DVM have to do?
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You have to notify two people/organizations:
1. NC Dept. of Agriculture 2. Veterinary Public Health |
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If you see yellow-green watery diarrhea in a parrot with nasal and ocular discharge who is in respiratory distress, think this disease:
Say this bird dies and the owner wants you to do a necropsy. What should you remember? |
Chlamydophila psittaci
This is a zoonotic disease, so use gloves and a mask when you do the necropsy. |
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What drug do we use in turkeys for Chlamydiosis and why?
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Tetracyclines, though it will only knock down the infection. It is more done to protect the processing plant workers.
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Because of its prevalence in free-range, outdoor flocks, this is a prime reason why to not let poultry house workers keep backyard flocks.
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Chlamydiosis
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T/F Some of the common lesions from Chlamydiosis, such as pericarditis, airsacculitis, and hepatitis, are similar to the lesions seen with E. coli and Mycoplasma.
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True; they can be differentials.
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* Name the three big causes of lameness in poultry:
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1. Bumblefoot = Pododermatitis
2. Reovirus = Viral Arthritis 3. Mycoplasma synoviae |
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You are presented with several culled chickens that were nearing the end of their production. Several of the birds have sores on their feet, and you since it's raining outside, you see a lot of leaks in the roof when you walk through the poultry house. How did this problem likely come about? |
Bumblefoot
Wet, unsanitary and abrasive substrates are often the cause as it is a management issue. |
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Viral arthritis is caused by a ______.
** What is interesting about the course of the disease? |
Reovirus
The birds are usually infected in the first 2 weeks of life, but the disease is not apparent until 6-7 weeks of age with the onset of lameness and swollen joints. |
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What happens in birds with viral arthritis? (What would you expect to find on necropsy?)
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Inflammation of the synovial membranes -> rupture of the Gastrocnemius tendon and swollen joints.
You may see local areas of hemorrhage and serosanguinous joint fluid. |
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What is an issue with diagnosis of viral arthritis by serology?
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Vaccination is the common means of control, which will give a positive serology result.
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Mycoplasma synoviae causes lameness in _____ (chickens/turkeys/both).
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It affects both chickens and turkeys.
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D
You are called out to a turkey farm to look at several culled birds that have swollen hocks. You cut open the joints and see a gray, mucopurulent exudate. Though you need lab tests, what is your first guess? How is this disease usually prevented? |
Mycoplasma synoviae
Growers get their birds from Mycoplasma synoviae-free breeders. |
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Is Mycoplasma synoviae a reportable disease in NC?
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Yes
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Marek's disease is caused by a _______, and as these like to go latent in tissues, Marek's disease virus likes to hang out in _______ cells.
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Herpesvirus
It likes lymphoid cells, specifically CD4+ T cells. |
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T/F If you have chickens in an area, it is pretty safe to assume you have Marek's disease virus in that area.
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True. It's everywhere and will continue to be so.
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What kind of tumor does Marek's disease cause?
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Lymphomas, but you can see lesions/tumors on any organ.
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Fill in the following chart for the Marek's disease virus serotypes:
Serotype: Infects? Oncogenic? 1 2 3 |
Serotype: Infects? Oncogenic?
1 Chickens Yes 2 Chickens No 3 Turkeys No |
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Rate the following serotypes of Marek's disease in order of their efficacy as vaccines:
3, 2+3, 2, 1 What also happens in terms of cost as you go down the list? |
Serotype 1(best) > Seroptype 2+3 > Serotype 3 alone.
Serotype 2 does not work well alone so it is used with 3. Cost decreases with decreased efficacy. |
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T/F Any time you have CNS signs in poultry, Marek's disease should be on your differential list.
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True
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D
Several birds from a farm are condemned at processing for having white/tan granular nodules in several organs, and some birds have purplish, raised bumps all over the skin. In life, some had CNS signs and cloudy or pale eyes. What would you want to see on necropsy that hasn't been stated? |
Marek's disease (need to test to be sure)
Swollen nerves, with loss of striations |
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T/F You should assume that every chicken on a farm has the Marek's virus, but that only a few of the birds will ever show signs of the disease.
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True
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T/F The Lymphoid leukosis virus can infect any kind of cell, unlike Marek's disease.
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True, but it can only transform IgM B-cells, causing B-cell lymphomas.
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Why can you see tumors sooner with Marek's disease than with Lymphoid leukosis?
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Because the virus needs our cellular machinery to proliferate, which takes longer, so you see disease in older birds.
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* What is the big difference seen on histopath when looking at affected tissues in Marek's disease and Lymphoid Leukosis birds?
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Marek's: Heterogeneous cells
LL: Homogenous cells |
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T/F Poultry growers can ask their breeder company for repayment of damages caused by an outbreak of Lymphoid Leukosis.
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True, because the flocks need to be virus-free at hatching, and there is no vaccine available and no other way to control the disease. Companies often go out of business when they get this virus.
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You see a set of culled chickens that are littered with small tumors on their internal organs, and notice that the Bursa of Fabricius in all of them is enlarged (or on its way to degenerating). Based on this, which is more likely?
Marek's disease Lymphoid leukosis |
Lymphoid leukosis...B cells are named for the Bursa of Fabricius.
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If you have affected birds under 16 weeks of age, which of these diseases is more likely?
Marek's Lymphoid Leukosis |
Marek's
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* While Marek's disease is controlled by _______, Lymphoid Leukosis is controlled by _________.
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Marek's = Vaccination
LL = Erradication |
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How can avian pox be transmitted?
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Horizontal: Directly and indirectly
Dried exudates of pox lesions contain a lot of virus, and it can be carried by mosquitoes between birds. |
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* Which form of avian pox is being described in each case?
1. There are many turkeys in a house with scabs from papules -> vesicles -> pustules on their bare skin and they are underweight for their age. 2. There are turkeys in respiratory distress, with plaque-like lesions in and around their mouth and eyes, along with conjunctivitis and nasal discharge. |
1. Dry pox
2. Wet pox |
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* On histopathology of a bird with avian pox, what characteristic cellular change should you see?
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Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies
Epithelial hyperplasia |
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If a house of birds has an outbreak of avian pox, why will the birds be vaccinated?
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It will hopefully reduce the losses
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When vaccinating for avian pox, which species gets the pigeon pox vaccine and which gets the fowl pox vaccine?
Why is this done? |
Pigeon pox in chickens
Fowl pox in turkeys The vaccine strains are still virulent when used in the incorrect species but they cause less disease. |
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** Name the causative agent of Fowl Cholera
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Pasteurella multocida
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If you do a blood smear on a bird with an acute case of Fowl Cholera, what should you expect to see?
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Lots of G- bipolar rods around the blood cells, since it causes a septicemia.
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What is the name of the disease caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in:
Chickens Humans Pigs (common name) |
Chickens = Erysipelas
Humans = Erysipeloid Pigs = "Diamond skin disease" |
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What is the characteristic part of the turkey clasically involved with Erysipelas and can serve as a portal of entry?
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The snood...why it used to be trimmed off.
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D
You see several tom turkeys in a house that have dark snoods that are swollen and purple. What is the common treatment for this disease? |
Erysipelas
Penicillin + Erysipelas bacterin |
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Mature chickens in a house have just started coughing, with bloody mucoid discharge and they are slinging it on the walls. |
Infectious Laryngotracheitis
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What is the good news for controlling Infectious Laryngotracheitis? What is the bad news?
Is it reportable? |
It does not spread very quickly within a flock and it is not commonly seen. However, there is no really good method of control that doesn't involve depopulating the flock, quarantine, or possibly vaccination.
Yes |
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Since Infectious Laryngotracheitis virus is a Herpesvirus, what should you expect to see on histopathology?
If you had a piece of an affected bird's trachea open on necropsy, what should it look like? |
Intranuclear inclusion bodies in syncytial cells
It should be bloody, but the membrane (pseudodiptheritic) should sough off easily, revealing normal-looking trachea underneath. |
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* What is the causative agent of Avian Tuberculosis?
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Mycobacterium avium (not M. tuberculosis)
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With avian tuberculosis, it is important to know that while it causes granulomas, it does not create granulomas in the ______ , which is characteristic of tuberculosis in people.
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Lungs
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