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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cold War |
- 1947 – 1991 - ideological struggle of ideas b/w US and SU/USSR - fought using propaganda, espionage, economic and political pressures - arms race but no combat - fight for power and influence on a global scale |
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United Nations |
- 1945 - 50 countries lead by USSR, Brit, USA (these 3 made the UN) - like the League of Nations - 4 goals: a) keep world peace b) encourage nation cooperation c) defend human rights and promote equality d) improve living standards of all nations |
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General Assembly |
- all UN member states represented in GA, one vote each - majority of 2/3 required for important decisions - empowered to discuss and make recommendations on world peace matters - also used as forum for discussion, supervising special agencies and controlling the budget |
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UN Security Council |
- responsible for maintaining world peace - permanent members: China, France, UK, USSR, USA - 10 non-permanent members serve 2-year terms - Canada served n-p placement several times |
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Secretariat |
- Chief administrative officer of UN - made up of 1000s of clerks, interpreters, translators and tech experts |
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International Court of Justive |
- aka World Court - makes ruling on disputes submitted by members - also gives legal advice to Assembly and Security Council |
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Humanitarian Agencies of UN |
UNICEF, World Health Organization, International Labour Organization - provides aid around the world - achieved the greatest levels of worldwide cooperation |
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Canada's Contribution |
- key role in drafting UN Charter (thanks, John Humphrey) - Lester Pearson played key role in solving some of UN's problems (Nobel priz for u) - constant supporter of UN - important role in General Assembly and Security Council - active in its peacekeeping efforts |
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Containment |
American strategy to contain communism |
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Domino Theory |
Fear that if one country fell to the enemy, surrounding countries/places were only soon to follow |
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Ideological differences |
- westerners feared communist world revolution - USSR feared encirclement by capitalist countries (threat of counter-revolution w/in USSR) - authoritarian state vs democratic - everyone in the world "had to pick a side" |
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Satellite States |
- states controlled by USSR |
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Iron Curtain |
- coined by Winston Churchill - both literal and figurative - literal: actual iron fence that divided communist and non-communist states |
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Truman Doctrine |
- US declared in 1947 - support free peoples around the world who were resisting communist attempt to take over their country - first step was containment and further developed into the Marshall Plan |
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Marshall Plan |
- offered billions to aid Euro economies to resist communism - developed in response to the Red Scare |
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Gouzenko Affair |
- 1945 - MARKED BEGINNING OF COLD WAR IN CAD - Gouzenko gave CDN govt documents proving that USSR was operating 2 spy rings in CAD - Gouzenko and fam given protection for rest of life |
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Red Scare |
- massive fear of communism - more prominent in USA |
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Division of Germany |
- at end of WWII, the Allies split GER: Brit, France and US = West Ger Russia = East Ger - they split Berlin too (?? idk why tho wot) Brit, France and US = West Berl Russia = East Berl |
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Berlin Blockade Crisis |
- June 1948 - Western nations wanted intro new currency into West GER but USSR refused to accept it in Berlin - USSR blockaded transport corridors - Allies considered abandon Berl but domino theory made them think otherwise - ended in two separate gov't for Berlin - Allies decided to form NATO b/c of this |
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Berlin Airlift |
- West airlifted everything West Berl needed for 15 months to counteract blockades - impressive b/c pop. of 2.5 mil citizens - Soviets saw that blockade not working |
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NATO |
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization - only for mutual defence - each member state contributed to NATO's defense force - attack on one member = attack on all |
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Warsaw Pact |
- developed in response to NATO - 1955 - defensive alliance of USSR and its satellite states |
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Arms Race |
- race to be most militarily prepared - major feature of arms race was space race - US and SU maintained balance of power |
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Nuclear Parity |
Same amount of nuclear power |
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MAD |
- mutually assured destruction - prevented war during the cold war |
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Korean War |
- 1950-53 - Korea was held by JPN - after VJ day in 1945, Korea was divided: North = communist and south = democratic - UN aid: lotta countries and CAD included - 1953, ceasefire was reached - significant for CAD b/c showed CDN support for UN and how we were willing to fight and support those goals - Kwar demonstrated that UN was willing to take action when needed (unlike LoN) |
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Suez Crisis |
- 1956 - Egyptian prez seized Suez Canal from GB and France b/c believed it was Egypt's - USSR backed Egypt - Lester Pearson suggested creating UN Emergency Force (UNEF) to keep combatants apart til settlement was worked out - Nobel Prize for Pearson b/c peace |
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Cuban Missile Crisis |
- 1962 - US saw Soviet missiles in Cuba via aerial surveillance - very threatening b/c this meant USSR could attack US hella quick - US blocked the waters around Cuba to stop Soviet ships from coming - US Prez Kennedy and Sov leader Khrushchev promised to e/o that would remove missiles if Americans not invade Cuba |
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Assassination of John F. Kennedy |
- Nov 22, 1963 - shot down in his convertible - surprised everyone b/c he was very likeable |
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Vietnam War |
- 1954-1975 - prolonged struggle b/w nationalist forces attempting to unify Vietnam under commie govt and the US attempting to stop spread of communism - US couldnt win this war -> lotta ppl protesting against it (them hippies) b/c TV allowed the fam to see the realities of war - last 4 years: US dropped more bombs on N Vietnam than used by all sides during entire WWII |
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Client War |
- 1963 - war fought by the US on behalf of South Vietnam |
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Guerilla Warfare |
- type of fighting during war where civilians (not army) form their own armies to fight an enemy - difficult for enemy to deal w/ Guerilla fighters b/c hard to identify |
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Draft Dodgers |
- 'murcans that moved to CAD to avoid the draft |
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Cyprus |
- 1964-1993 - civil war @Cyprus b/w majority Greeks and minority Turks - CDN troops were sent in 1964, but last troops were not withdrawn until 1993 - since 1993, have lived in harmony - CAD millions of $$ on this war |
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Recognition of Communist China |
- 1949, communists took over the gov’t of China - USA not recognize coomie china b/c UN pressure (former govt to hold a permanent seat in UN Security Council) (tension ++) - 1971, under world pressure, Americans allowed Red China to replace Taiwan - paved way for China to become a dominant force in international relations |
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The Middle East in 70’s |
- ongoing conflicts in the Middle East b/w Israel and Arab states - Palestinian uprising crushed any hope for regaining homeland - 1950’s Canada brokered a deal; peacekeeping troops sent - CAD often attempted to reason in the region, but with very little effect |
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Veterans |
- provided with information, counselling, and financial aid to help them to adjust to life back in Canada - could borrow money at very low interest rates |
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Imperial Oil |
- 1947 - discovered Leduc oil field in Edmonton - before this, Alberta econ mainly grain and cattle |
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CANDU |
- created 1952 by Atomic Canada Ltd. |
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Alouette I |
- Canada's first satellite, launched 1962 |
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Baby Boom |
- 1961, it was 18 mil (previously 12 mil in 1946) - happened b/c good enough economy plus ppl just came back from war |
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Immigration Act of 1952 |
allowed continued practice of barring immigrants based on their ethnic origin |
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Demand for Immigrants |
- 1950 - high demand for immigrant labour - CAD decided to accept new immigrants |
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Unemployment Insurance Act |
- passed in 1940 - family allowances or baby bonuses introduced in 1945 - unemployment insurance also included (bi-weekly payout) - showed CGN govt's acceptance towards responsibility for social security |
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Colombo Plan |
built factories and infrastructure in Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka |
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La Francophonie |
- gave aid to West Africa - developed bilateral aid programs to help new French-speaking countries to establish political, economic and social structures - created: Agence de cooperation culturelle et technique (ACCT) |
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Entertainment |
- CDNs went on buying sprees and purchased consumer goods - CBC made in 1960 as a crown corporation -1972, CDN beat USSR in hockey -> nationalism and pride was strengthened - Teens moved into a trend of music (rock ‘n’ roll british invasion) |
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Women’s Liberation Movement |
- sought changes in employment practices, life choices, and politics - women still face discrimination when competed for same jobs as men (paid less for same work) |
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Changing Values |
- 1960’s, Parliament passed more laws regarding abortion, homosexuality and divorce - increased use of contraceptives - CDN concerns about the future of Canada, relationship with US, and about the environment (just like a worried teenager) |
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Expo ‘67 |
- World fair in Montreal (100th CDN b-day!!) - General de Gaulle (French prez) shouted "Vive le Quebec" (essentially Free Quebec) - PM Pearson criticized him for his comment - this added tensions b/w French and English CDNs |
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Trudeaumania |
- nickname in early 1968 to the excitement by Trudeau's entry into leadership race of Lib Party - Tru..mania continued during fed election campaign and during his early years as PM - FRC CDNs believed her would address their concerns |
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Louis St Laurent |
Liberal 1948-57 - saw post war as a time to bring out prosperity, oil industry - oil and mining boomed - initiated St. Lawrence Seaway, Trans Canada Highway and Trans-Canada natural gas pipeline - responsible for tremendous growth in American investment in CDN economy |
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John Diefenbaker |
Progressive Conservative 1957-1963 - reflected ppl's concerns about growing 'mercan influence in CAD - believed in united country and protecting less fortunate - brought in Canadian Bill of Rights (but wasn't part of constitution) |
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Lester B. Pearson |
1963-1968 - questioned American involvement in Vietnam - refused to stop Draft Dodgers from coming to Canada - sought to improve French-ENGL relations - Won Nobel Prize for resolving Suez Canal Crisis |
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Pierre Elliott Trudeau |
Liberal 1968-1979 and 1980-1984 -appealing and charismatic - implemented the Official Languages Act in 1969 to make Canada bilingual to make Quebec feel like a part of Canada - made income tax cuts and better benefits for poor and elderly |
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Canadian-American Relations |
1950s and 60s had uncertain relations.Canada supported US foreign policy by joining NATO and NORAD and UN Peacekeeping in Egypt and Lebanon. Increasingly independent economies.Also became more ind. of American policy by refusing to criticize communism in China and Cuba as vehemently as the AmericansDiefenbaker also reluctant to accept warheads for NATO’s Bomarc missiles that guarded Canada. Also hesitated to back US during Cuban Missile CrisisPearson questioned Vietnam and refused to stop American draft dodgers from entering CanadaIn 1965, Pearson also proposed a halt to the American bombing of N. VietnamNorthern Canada was a NATO training ground, but Trudeau reduced defence spending and froze contributions to NATO. Asserted independence as a Middle Power |
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Avro Arrow |
- CDNs concerned w/ possibility of Soviet attack - Royal CDN Air Force (RCAF) requested new aircraft -1959, govt decided to stop production fo planes & 6 completed planes were to be torched, along with blueprints - bought american planes instead |
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St. Lawrence Seaway |
- one of greatest achievements of 1950s - linked center of continent via Great Lakes to Atlantic Ocean - CDN products could move to world markets |
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North American Defense System (NORAD) |
- created b/w Canada and US in 1957 - included radar stations that were set up to detect planes or missiles - 3 radar lines constructed in 1957 to provide advance warning - CAD contributed $300m but mostly financed by US |
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Auto Pact (Automotive Product Agreement) |
- 1965 - import cars from e/o w/o paying import taxes - led to increasing USA investment in CDN economy - benefited CAD more than US |
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Inflation |
-In 1970s, prices for consumer items to rise drastically while controls used to keep wages down |
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OPEC Crisis |
- 1972, sudden increase of oil - OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries - unemployment rising as well - unions demanded higher wages |
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Trudeau Retires |
-retired in 1984 after making Constitution truly CDN - Constitution Act signed 1982 w/o QC's agreement |
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Economic Ties |
By 1970s, strong $$ ties to USA, this worries some CDNs (over 70% CDN products sold to USA) |
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FIRA ( Foreign Investment Review Agency) |
- 1973 from Trudeau - approve the establishment of any new foreign companies in CAD - made in the hope of protecting CDN industries |
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NORAD |
Trudeau maintained CDN involvement in NORAD but phased out the Bomarc missiles and their missile warheads stations in Canada by 1971 |
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Recognition of Commie China |
- 1970, Canada recognized the Chinese Communist gov’t (before US) - growing independence in our int’l affairs |
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Involvement in NATO |
- Trudeau reduced armed forces stationed in EU under NATO |
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Foreign Aid |
- Canada increased aid to developing countries - increased support of UN aid programs, specifically the CIDA (Canadian Int’l Development Agency) created in 1968 |
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Trade |
- increased trade and political ties with Cuba and Mex - Tru visited USSR @1971 - showed significant shift away from adherence to US foreign policy objectives - CDN PMs ignored US embargo and continued to foster relationship w/ Cuba |
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Refugees |
- CAD accepted refugees fleeing communist regimes |
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Human Rights Commission |
- 1978 - bring an end to all types of racial, religuous and gender discrimination |
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Women in Gov’t |
- speaker of the House of Commons - Governor General - Supreme Court members |
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Citizenship Act of 1976 |
- 1976 - eliminated gender discrimination -granted citizenship to children of overseas marriages when mother was CDN (used to be only father CDN) |
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Immigration Act of 1978 |
- gave provinces new role in immigration policy - QC now have ability to make sure immigrants would be able to adapt to its francophone culture - new immigrants welcome regardless of colour, religion or country of origin |
