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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a population? |
A group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same region, can interbreed, and share a common gene pool. |
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What does a gene pool refer to? |
All of the alleles of all individuals in the population. |
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What is population genetics? |
Refers to the changes in genetic variation within a population over time. |
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What are polymorphisms? |
The many forms of a trait due to mutations in a gene, resulting in different alleles. |
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What causes polymorphisms? |
Insertions, deletions, duplications, point mutations, microsatellites, etc. |
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What is the most common kind of polymorphism? |
A SNP. Single nucleotide polymorphism. |
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What does "indel" stand for? |
Insertion/deletion |
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How do you calculate a genotypic frequency? |
# of individuals of particular genotype / total population |
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How do you calculate allele frequency? |
# of particular allele / total # of alleles. Ex: f(A') = (2x4)+41+84 / 274×2 2×4 : there are 4 A' homozygotes, so must multiply by 2. Other numbers include 1 A' allele. 2x274 because 274 individuals have 2 alleles each. |
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What is the Hardy-Weinberg Principle? |
The frequency of alleles in an ideal population will remain the same from generation to generation. |
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What 5 conditions must be met for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (which seldom happens)? |
1. No mutations in gene of interest 2. No genetic drift (population needs to be large) 3. No migration/gene flow from one population to another 4. No natural selection is taking place 5. Random mating If even one of these isn't met, the population is evolving. |
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What is p+q=1? |
P= frequency of dominant allele Q= frequency of recessive allele. P+q should add up to 1 |
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What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation? |
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 P^2 = genotypic frequency of dominant 2pq = genotypic frequency of heterozygote Q^2 = genotypic frequency of recessive |
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In X-linked traits, what must you remember when calculating frequencies? |
Males are hemizygous. The frequency of an X-linked trait will equal the frequency of males with the trait. |
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What is the null hypothesis for a Hardy-Weinberg chi-square test? |
The population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. |
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How do you calculate degrees of freedom for a Hardy-Weinberg chi-square test? |
# of classes - # of alleles. |
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How do you calculate the expected frequency for a Hardy-Weinberg Chi-square test? |
Find the allele frequency for each allele. Square the allele frequency and multiply it by the total population for homozygotes. 2pq times population for heterozygotes. Ex: p^2 = (0.75)^2 × 2000 q^2 = (0.25)^2 × 2000 2pq = 2(0.75)(0.25) × 2000 |
