Poochie 1

Front 1

Median or mid-sagittal

Back 1

right and left halves of the body

Front 2

para-sagittal plane/sagittal plane

Back 2

and plane parallel to the mid-sagittal plane

Front 3

coronal plane (frontal plane)

Back 3

anterior and posterior (front and back parts)

Front 4

transverse (horizontal)

Back 4

inferior and superior portions

Front 5

medial

Back 5

closer to the medial plane (pinkie is closer to the mid-saggital line)

Front 6

lateral

Back 6

farther away from the midline (thumb lateral to the pinkie)

Front 7

anterior (ventral)

Back 7

towards the front of the body (toes are anterior to the heel)

Front 8

posterior (dorsal)

Back 8

towards the back (the heel is poterior to the toes)

Front 9

superior (crainial)

Back 9

towards the head (head is superior/crainial to the knee because it is closer to the head; the heart is superior to the stomach)

Front 10

inferior (caudal)

Back 10

towards the feet (the knee is inferior/caudal to the head because it is closer to the toes)

Front 11

superficial

Back 11

structure closer to the surface (skin superficial to the muscles)Terms are relative to one another

Front 12

deep

Back 12

further from the surface

Front 13

intermediate

Back 13

between the deep and superficial terms

Front 14

proximal

Back 14

in reference to the root of the limbs (shoulder is proximal to the elbow)

Front 15

distal

Back 15

in reference to the root of the limb (the hand is distal to the elbow)

Front 16

bones

Back 16

support the body in the erect position-weight travels down the vertebral column

Front 17

protection from bones

Back 17

throacic skeleton, throacic vertebrae, sternum, and ribs for a protective cage for heart and lungs, and also the liver and spleen

Front 18

movement from bones

Back 18

skeletal muscles are attached and shorten when they contract

Front 19

bones and hemopoetic marrow

Back 19

this is a blood forming tissue

Front 20

yellow marrow

Back 20

contains fat

Front 21

bones-calcium and phosphate

Back 21

bones are the site for calcium and phosphate storage

Front 22

three classifications of bones

Back 22

development, location, shape

Front 23

cartilage bones or endochondral bones

Back 23

performed in cartlidge: long bones of the upper extremity that start out as cartlidge bones and after ossification, the cartlidge is replaced by bone.

Front 24

ossification

Back 24

the formation of bone, the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartlidge into bone or boney substance

Front 25

membrane bones

Back 25

ossify directly from mesenchyme, they do not go through a cartilaginous stage, the clavicle is not performed in cartilage but ossifies directly from mesenchyme

Front 26

mesenchyme

Back 26

embryonic tissue of mesodermal origin

Front 27

axial bones

Back 27

lie in the main axis of the body (skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs)

Front 28

appendicular bones

Back 28

bones of the appendages (upper and lower limb proper, pectoral girdle, clavicle, scapula, and hip bones)

Front 29

shape

Back 29

long, short, flat, irregular

Front 30

long bones

Back 30

humerus

Front 31

short bones

Back 31

wrist or ankle bones

Front 32

flat bones

Back 32

sternum

Front 33

irregular shaped bones

Back 33

vertebrae

Front 34

joint

Back 34

where bones or cartilages articulate with one another

Front 35

fibrous joints

Back 35

joined by fibrous tissue and allow little or no movement

Front 36

suture joints

Back 36

in the skull, a type of fibrous joint. only a small ammount of connective tissue, may ossify later

Front 37

syndesmoses joints

Back 37

has more connective tissue called interosseus membrane that allows some movement but not a lot (joint b/t radius and ulna)

Front 38

gomphoses joints

Back 38

connect tht root of the teeth to the bone of the alveolous

Front 39

cartilaginous joints

Back 39

bones joined by cartilage

Front 40

synchondrousis or primary cartilaginous joint

Back 40

temporary joint-plate of cartilage that unites two boney masses (femur, head of femur, and shaft of femur develop from an epiphyseal plate of cartilage that disappears later in life)

Front 41

symphysis joint

Back 41

united by fibrocartilage (fibrocartilaginous joint or secondary joint) such as the intervertebral disks

Front 42

synovial joint

Back 42

provides free movement at different degrees

Front 43

joint capsule (articular capsule)

Back 43

joins bones, has two components: outter fibrous component and innere synovial membrane

Front 44

fibrous component of joint capsule

Back 44

connective tissue that blends with the periosteum of the bone

Front 45

periosteum

Back 45

peri-around osteum-bone

Front 46

synovial membrane

Back 46

lining of the fibrous capsule that secretes a viscous fluid called synovial fluid, which fills up the synovial cavity (joint cavity) to lubricate the joint and reduce friction and nourishe the articular cartilage

Front 47

synovial cavity

Back 47

joint cavity

Front 48

synovial cartilage

Back 48

covers the joint to reduce friction, in the knee joint there are articulate disks or menisci that serve as shock absorbers. they increase the stability/spread of the joint

Front 49

synovial joint classification

Back 49

also by uniaxial (elbow only flexion and extension), biaxial (wrist flexion/extension as well as abduction/adduction), and multiaxial (shoulder, allows movement around all three axis) joints

Front 50

movement of joints around the horizontal axis

Back 50

allows for flexion and exptension (wrist can flex and extend from lateral to medial)

Front 51

movement around the anterior/posterior axis

Back 51

allows for adduction and abduction

Front 52

arm abduction

Back 52

arm is being raised up, away from the midline

Front 53

adduction of arm

Back 53

arm is being brought back down to the midline

Front 54

movement around the vertical axis

Back 54

allows medial (internal rotation) and lateral rotation

Front 55

three types of muscle

Back 55

cardiac, smooth, skeletal

Front 56

cardiac muscle

Back 56

found only in the heart-involuntary

Front 57

smooth muscle

Back 57

round in the walls of blood vessels, walls of ducts, bladder, and uterus-involuntary controlled by the autonomic nervous system

Front 58

skeletal muscle

Back 58

voluntary-attach to the skeleton and permit movement, the origin is stable and does not move inserion of the muscle is at the end that moves

Front 59

origin of skeletal muscle

Back 59

does not move

Front 60

inserion of the skeletal muscle

Back 60

the point attached that does move.

Front 61

sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

Back 61

prominant muscle in the neck and has attachment to the sternum and clavicle, called to sternal and clavicular head. The two heads unite and attach to the mastoid process, which is the insertion; contracts to elevate the sternum and clavicle which lifts the whole rib during forced inspiration and vigorous activity

Front 62

fleshy part of the muscle

Back 62

contractile part of the muscle, the fibers shorten upon stimulation to produce movment (rich blood supply)

Front 63

ischemia

Back 63

low oxygen state of the muscle

Front 64

tensile strength of fleshy muscle

Back 64

low, 77 lb/sq. inch

Front 65

fibrous component of the muscle

Back 65

the part that attaches the muscle to the bone and is not contractile. made of collagen fibers, low metabolic activity and poor blood supply.

Front 66

cylindrical fibrous component

Back 66

tendon

Front 67

flat and broad fibrous component

Back 67

aponeurosis

Front 68

tensile strength of fibrous component

Back 68

18,000 lb/sq. inch

Front 69

strap muscle fibers

Back 69

oriented parallel to the long axis of the muscle, have longer fibers that allow more movement

Front 70

tennate muscles

Back 70

feather-like, fibers run oblique to the long muscle: shorter but there are more of them. uni-pennate come in from one side, bi-pennate come from both sides, multi-pennate fibers come in from multiple angles

Front 71

motor unit

Back 71

nerve cell and its axon and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

Front 72

small motor unit

Back 72

allows for percise control, three muscle fibers innervated by one axon in the muscles in the eye

Front 73

large motor unit

Back 73

hip muscle 1600 muscle fibers/axon because fine control is not needed

Front 74

gross movement

Back 74

150-over 1000 muscle fibers/axon

Front 75

prime mover (muscle function)

Back 75

produces direct movement

Front 76

antagonist muscles

Back 76

opposes the prime mover

Front 77

fixator muscles

Back 77

keep the joint stable (during depression of the tongue, the hyoglossus is the prime mover, the styloglossus is the antagonist because it pulls the tongue up, the infrahyoid muscles act as fixators to stabilize the hyoid bone

Front 78

hyoglossus

Back 78

prime mover in sucking movement, depresses the tongue

Front 79

styloglossus

Back 79

pulls the tongue up, the antagonist in the sucking movement

Front 80

infrahyoid muscle

Back 80

fixator muscle that stabilizes the hyoid bone

Front 81

anatomical method of determining muscle function

Back 81

find the origin and insertion of muscle, which joint it crosses, and which axes are involved. ask yourself which movement it produces, pull on the muscle and see what moves

Front 82

other methods of determinging muscle function

Back 82

palpation, electrical stimulation, electromyography, clinical method

Front 83

arteries

Back 83

carry blood away from the heart that will branch out until the level of the capillary bed, where gaseous exchange occurs (most carry oxygentated blood)

Front 84

pulmonary arteries

Back 84

carry unoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

Front 85

veins

Back 85

carry blood to the heart, the tributaries unite back to the heart (most carry unoxygenated)

Front 86

pulmonary veins

Back 86

carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Front 87

changing names of arteries

Back 87

subclavian artery changes into the brachial in the arm, but it is the same thing

Front 88

artery vs. vein

Back 88

determine thickness of tunica media (smooth muscle); artery has thicker walls and is more firm/rigid; veins have thinner walls and tend to collapse on themselves giving flattened appearance

Front 89

artery color appears

Back 89

whiter

Front 90

vein color appears

Back 90

darker

Front 91

how does blood return to the heart?

Back 91

veins, pushed by negative pressure in the thorax

Front 92

musculovenous pump

Back 92

important in the limbs because blood has to work against gravity to get back to the heart (veins of the limbs have bicuspid valves)

Front 93

when valves become incompetent

Back 93

vericose veins

Front 94

anastomoses

Back 94

when vessels join together (ulnar artery in the arm, giving another pathway for blood to get back and forth if the main pathway is blocked (this does not happen in end arteries)

Front 95

angiography

Back 95

procedure where an opaque dye is injected into a vessel, determines the health of a vessel (can reveal aneurysms or show plaque of buildup)

Front 96

most veriable structure

Back 96

vessels (especially the veins) or the bicep might have three heads with extra insertions.