Anatomy Lecture Test 1

Front 1

Feeling a structure with the hands.

Back 1

palpation

Front 2

Listening to the natural sounds made by the body.

Back 2

auscultation

Front 3

Tapping on a body part and feeling for abnormal resistance.

Back 3

percussion

Front 4

The careful cutting and separation of tissues to reveal internal anatomy.

Back 4

dissection

Front 5

Structure that can be seen with the naked eye is called

Back 5

gross anatomy
In histology (also called microscopic anatomy) we take tissue specimens, thinly slice and stain them, and observe them under the microscope. Ultrastructure refers to fine detail, down to the molecular level, revealed by the electron microscope

Front 6

Study one makes numerous observations until he/she feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them

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Inductive Method

Front 7

Method a researcher asks a question and formulates a hypothesis. The hypothesis is a possible answer to the question. Most physiological knowledge was obtained by this method.

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Hypothetico-Deductive

Front 8

change in the genetic composition of a population of organism. The principal theory of how evolution works is called Natural selection.
Our opposable thumbs make the hands prehensile-able to grasp branches and other objects by encircling them with the thumb and fingers. The thumb is so important that it receives highest priority in the repair of all hand injuries

Back 8

Evolution

Front 9

The body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions despite changes in our environment is called

Back 9

homeostasis

Front 10

standard frame of reference for all anatomical description and dissection. In anatomical position the forearms are supinated, or rotated so that the palms face anteriorly

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Anatomical position

Front 11

plane passes vertically through the body or an organ and divides it into right and left portions.

Back 11

sagittal

Front 12

The sagittal plane that divides the body or organ into equal halves is also called

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median (midsagittal)

Front 13

Plane extends vertically, but it is perpendicular to the sagittal plane and divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions

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frontal

Front 14

Passes horizontally through the body and divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions

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Transverse (horizontal)

Front 15

region of the body consists of the head, neck, and trunk

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axial

Front 16

region of the body consists of the upper and lower limbs

Back 16

appendicular

Front 17

two directional terms used to describe anatomy of the upper and lower limbs. Proximal means closer to the point of attachment or origin, and distal means farther away from the point of attachment or origin. For example, the elbow is proximal to the wrist because it is closer to the point of attachment (the shoulder).

Back 17

Proximal/Distal

Front 18

In strict anatomical terms, arm refers only to

Back 18

that part of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow

Front 19

In strict anatomical terms, leg refers only to

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refers only to that part of the lower limb between the knee and ankle.

Front 20

the simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties. Each element is identified by an atomic number, the number of protons in its nucleus

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chemical element

Front 21

At the center of an atom

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nucleus

Front 22

A chemical element is the simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties. Each element is identified by an

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atomic number, the number of protons in its nucleus

Front 23

At the center of an atom

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nucleus, composed of protons and neutrons

Front 24

Around the nucleus

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one or more concentric clouds of electrons

Front 25

The atoms in a water molecule are held together

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polar covalent bonds

Front 26

The strongest of all the chemical bonds is the

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nonpolar covalent bond

Front 27

Carbon atoms bind to other carbon atoms with

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nonpolar covalent bonds

Front 28

Substances that dissolve in water are

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hydrophilic

Front 29

The relatively few substances that do not dissolve in water are

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hydrophobic

Front 30

Some large molecules have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. These are said to be

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amphiphilic

Front 31

A protein is a polymer of

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amino acids

Front 32

proteins that serve as biological catalysts

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Enzymes

Front 33

A polysaccharide is a polymer of

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monosaccharides

Front 34

Glucose (blood sugar) is a monosaccharide, and sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (milk sugar) are disaccharides. Three polysaccharides of interest to human physiology are glycogen, starch, and cellulose.
A nucleic acid (DNA, for example)

Back 34

is a polymer of nucleotides

Front 35

lipid with 17 of its carbon atoms arranged in four rings. Cholesterol is a natural product of the body, the precursor steroid from which other steroids are synthesized, and is an important component of cell membranes. Cholesterol does more good than harm even though it has a bad reputation as a factor in cardiovascular disease

Back 35

Cholesterol

Front 36

the smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life. Nothing simpler is considered alive

Back 36

cells

Front 37

an organism’s structure and all of its functions are ultimately due to the activities of its cells

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modern cell theory

Front 38

is the net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration as a result of their constant, spontaneous motion. Whenever we are going from high concentration to low concentration (down/with the gradient) we DO NOT require energy. It is a passive process

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Diffusion

Front 39

is the carrier-mediated transport of a solute up its concentration gradient. Whenever going from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration energy is required. That energy comes from ATP.

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Active transport

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Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis

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all examples of Endocytosis

Front 41

Vesicular transport processes

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(endocytosis and exocytosis) always requires energy.

Front 42

carries two or more solutes through a membrane simultaneously in the same direction

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symport

Front 43

carries two or more solutes through the membrane in opposite directions. The sodium-potassium pump is a great example of an

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antiport

Front 44

carries only one solute at a time

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uniport

Front 45

produces the phospholipids and proteins of the plasma membrane

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endoplasmic reticulum

Front 46

conjugates proteins and lipids with carbohydrates to make glycoproteins and glycolipids, respectively

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Golgi complex

Front 47

responsible for the digestion and disposal of worn-out organelles

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Lysosomes

Front 48

is the cell’s control center and safely houses the DNA

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nucleus

Front 49

are the “powerhouses” of the cell. Energy is extracted from organic nutrients and transferred to ATP

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mitochondria

Front 50

Organelles not surrounded by membranes include the

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ribosomes, centrosome, centrioles, and basal bodies

Front 51

All other organelles within the cell are bordered by

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one or two layers of a unit membrane

Front 52

Many cells have surface extensions called

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microvilli, cilia, and flagella

Front 53

extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell’s surface area. They are best developed in cells specialized for absorption

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Microvilli

Front 54

hairlike processes. Nearly every human cell as a single, nonmotile primary cilium

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cilia

Front 55

beat in waves and are less widespread, found only in certain parts of the body

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Motile cilia

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Flagella

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found only on sperm

Front 57

External to the plasma membrane, all animal cells have a fuzzy coat called

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glycocalyx

Front 58

The glycocalyx consists of the

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carbohydrate moieties of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. It is chemically unique in everyone but identical twins, and acts like an identification tag that enables the body to distinguish its own healthy cells from foreign and diseased cells.

Front 59

Typically about 98% of the molecules in the plasma membrane are

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lipids

Front 60

About 75% of the lipids are

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phospholipids that arrange themselves into a bilayer

Front 61

The remaining 2% of the molecules in the plasma membrane are

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proteins

Front 62

Membrane proteins have many functions including acting

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as receptors, enzymes, and ion channels.

Front 63

Solutions can be classified

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hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic

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solution is one with a higher concentration on nonpermeating solutes (and less water) than the intracellular fluid

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hypertonic

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solution has a lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes (and more water) than the ICF

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hypotonic

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the total concentration of nonpermeating solutes is the same as in the ICF

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isotonic

Front 67

all directly involved in producing proteins. Messenger RNA transcribes the genetic code in DNA. Ribosomal RNA translates the code and assembles a protein, one amino acid at a time from the amino acids bound to transfer RNA.

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Messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA)

Front 68

A sequence of 3 DNA nucleotides that stands for 1 amino acid is called

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base triplet

Front 69

A 3-base sequence in mRNA is called

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codon

Front 70

The process of copying genetic instructions from DNA to RNA is called

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transcription

Front 71

Converting the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids is called

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translation

Front 72

information-containing segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA, which in most cases goes on to play a role in the synthesis of one or more proteins. So, DNA codes ONLY for the production of proteins. Genes can be turned on and off from day to day, even hour to hour, as their products are needed or not

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gene

Front 73

carried on the X or Y chromosome and therefore tend to be inherited by one sex more than the other. Men are more likely than women to have red-green color blindness, for example, because the allele is recessive and located on the X chromosome

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Sex-linked traits

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When both of them are present, both are phenotypically expressed. The ABO blood types is an example.

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codominant

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The location of a particular gene on a chromosome is called

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its locus
Homologous chromosomes (a pair of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent) have the same gene at the same locus, although they may carry different forms of that gene, called alleles, which produce alternative forms of a particular trait. Frequently one allele is dominant and the other is recessive. A dominant allele masks the effect of any recessive allele. Therefore, recessive alleles are expressed only when present on both of the homologous chromosomes