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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gender |
Socially determined attributes including male & female roles e.g. women raising children after birth are socially defined roles, which are not physically defined biological functions. |
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Roles of Institutional Design and Rules of the Game |
Proportional representation Majoritarian System
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Proportional Representation System |
one in which parlimentary seats are awarded in proportion to the vote recieved by the party. votes from PR System often choose among the party lists, which are lists of candidates who would assume seats if they're elected. has a higher number of seats per district (district magnitude) which lead to the higher # of seats a party wind in a district. If only one candidate is to be nominated, it will often be the male incumbent, while if parties can nominate more than 1 person they'll more likely nominated as a balance state. Since the first slots on the candidacy lists or in the party hierarchy are often men, the bigger the party magnitude, the better the chances for women. |
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Majoritarian Representation System |
single-member plurality electoral system. That is, the candidate who obtains more votes than any other is elected. |
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The difference between PR and MR |
PR produces a multitude party legislatures, in which power is shared among a coalition of varied parties, and MR produces a two-party system, in which power is between the two. |
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Political Family Path |
Women on this path come from families that have long history of involvement in electoral politics. e.g. Prime minister of India, Indira Gahndi, was the daughter of Nehru, first prime minister of an independent India. In Asia, every past or present female executive had a male relative who at one point or another held the top executive position in that country. |
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Assumed Office |
Often temporarily, as a surrogate for a father, husband, or brother though occasionally they find they enjoy politics and, upon the expiration of the term, run and are elected on their own merits. e.g. Mary Bono, served out the term of her husband, U.S. Representative Sonny Bono, who died in a skiing accident. Jean Carnhan- served her husbands place after killed in a plane crash. ran for a special election fo his place, but lost. Corazon Aquino of the Philippines, Isabel Peron in Argetina, and Mireya MOscoso in Panama all assumed office upon the deaths of their husbands. Violeta Chamorro was elected president of Nicaragua after the death of her husband, a noted political journalist. Sonya Gahndi rose to head of Indian National Congress after the death of her husband, Rajiv (son of Indira). |
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The Party or Political Insider Path |
Women come to office by starting at the bottom of the party/political ladder and working their way to the top over a number of years. In parliament systems this may mean decades of dedication to the party, serving whatever roles are needed. e.g. Margret Thatcher, former prime minister of Great Britain, ascended the political ladder of power after years of dedicated service to the Conservative Party. New Zealand's current prime minister, Helen Clark, also followed the Party political insider path to power. Joined the 1971 Labour party and slowly moved up in ranks. In nonparliamentary systems, this may mean beginning in local or state-level politics until one has accrued enough political experience to make one look like a savvy, qualified politician. |
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Political Outsider path |
They may emphasize their lack of political experience or connection and instead run on the platform that they will bring something new to politics and will serve as an alternative to the status quo. THE LEAST SUCCESSFUL PATH FOR WOMEN SEEKING POLITICAL OFFICE. |
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What is the percentage of women that hold World head of state and government (both elected and unelected) ? |
7.3% |
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Structural Barriers |
levels of political and socioeconomic development, as well as women's representation in professional and managerial occupations. e.g. the degree of which a country is democratic is positively related to women's presence in elected office. This is also associated with the number of female parliamentarians worldwide . In developing countries, many women are disadvantaged because they are more likely to be illiterate, have inadequate health care, and live in poverty. Also are unlikely to have an independent source of income., making it difficult to accumulate funds to run for office. Industrial countries, in established democracies, the presence of women in professional, administrative, and managerial occupations is critical, as these types of careers often provide the experiences, financial resources, social networks, and flexibility needed to compete for elected office. They lack political experience, monetary resources , and still not seen in many countries as viable candidates. |
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Old Boys Network |
women often not having the same personal finance resources that men have to contribute to their own campaign, that enable men to have access to political power. |
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Countries that demonstrate great disparities of women holding political office. |
2012, canada 25% and US 17% Europe, and Africa. |
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Which country has the highest percentage of women Legislators? |
Rhwanda, 2012 of 56.3% of members of the lower house are women. |
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Institutional Design |
"rules of the game" expressed by electoral laws and the use of what are known as positive action policies. |
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With in the two institutional designs, PR and MS, which favors for women? |
The PR System because it shows women are twice more likely Parties in the MS are less likely to nominate women, since they are afraid of loosing their seat to a male competitor. In contrast, PR systems are more likely to add women to their party lists to make their ticket more diverse and broaden their appeal. Women candidates in PR systems are perceived to be less risky because a woman is part of a larger group of candidates running for office, rather than a sole candidate competing for office. |
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Quota Regualtions |
Many parities, particularly those to the left, have moved to adopt voluntary internal quotas mandating that women must constitute a minimum proportion of parliamentary candidates or elected representatives within each party. Done, by requiring that a certain % of female candidates appear on a party lists. |
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What are the effects on the quota regulations? |
(1) Voluntary quotas are adopted by individual parties within a country; the potential benefits to women can be limited if the practice does not spread to other parties. (2) the effects can be diminished if parties decide to place women at the bottom of party lists, which lessens their chances of making the cut for political representation. |
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What is the response to the quota regulation laws? |
Zebra/zipper principle: names on the party's nomination list must alternate evenly between men and women. |
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What could be another type of quota law? |
Party list quota: passing legislation that applies to all parties. Some may argue that this is not as effective as party quotas, for it can simply be used to sideline or appease women, particularily in countries where the women are appointed rather than elected. This system is often used in countries with more limited democratic rights. a notable exception is India, where a third seat is in local municipal elections are reserved for women. |
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are quotas more successful in getting women into office? |
yes |
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Cultural barriers |
Ideas about women's role and position in society can enhance or constrain women's ability to seek political power. Cultural norms can inhibit women's participation. |
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Which countries have more women in power? |
Countries with egalitarian cultures, such as Sweden, Finland, and Norway. Egalitarian cultures is a reflection of broader patterns of socioeconomic development and cultural modernization that are affecting many countries. |
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What are some cultural barriers that women face? |
Political behavior is seen to be masculine, because of aggression and autonomy are considered requisites. (2) voters have trouble overcoming traditional societal norms about appropriate divisions of labor between men and women. As women are associated with parental norms, and men are associated with paid labor. Thus, politics do not seem appropriate for women as it will interfere with their parental roles. This prevents women from voting, and running. (3) holding political office is not a family-friendly job for either women or men. oas women are traditionally expected to be primary care-givers, prevailing cultural norms serve as a significant barrier ofor women to hold political office. |
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non institutional politics |
Informal politics encompassing any political activity that does not take place directly within formal political institutions. |
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Practical gender interests |
interests that are traditionally considered within the women's realm of concern, such as issues concerning the family, children, and almost anything related to caring for them. e.g. access to food, water, shelter, health, education. Sometimes called women's issues, often in developing countries embracing these categories as identities that legitimate their political activity. Women who accept the gendered division of labor have a certain ,legitimacy in demanding rights that pertain to their role. example, co-madre, although responded by trauma, they also used practical gender interest because their experiences of the trauma had a gendered dimension. As mothers they were responsible for the welfare and care of their children, and they were mobilized to action in ways men (and father) were not. similarly, women in the developing world who mobilized to protest prices and rents are doing so out of the desire to improve their material conditions, but also because as women, they are traditionally responsible for care of the household and their family's immediate living conditions which have come under threat. |
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Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) Reason why women join women's movements and organization: (1) trauma/disaster has impacted their lives directly. |
The founder began this organizations after this organization after her daughter was killed by a drunk driver with a history of arrests for drunk driving. The trauma of her daughters death, coupled with her frustration prompted her to take action. This is an example of a traumatic event, or a psychological model. |
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Co-Madres |
In El Salvador, the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMNL), a guerrilla organization dedicated to overthrowing the government and authoritarian and repressive government. The government was responsible for arresting, detaining, torturing and killing thousands of Salvadorean men. The women formed the Co-Madres organization to pressure the government of El Salvador to explain and discover the whereabouts of their missing relatives. In this traumatic event, it encouraged many who had no history of political activity, to act despite the possibility of being abused by the government for their actions.
Many of the women in Co-Madre argued that they owed it to the next generation to work for change so that the horrors they had experienced would not be repeated in the future. |
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What are the reason why women join women's movements? |
(1) trama/disaster has impacted their lives directly. (2) encouragement from others (3) solidarity benefits (feelings of camaraderie) that come from such organizations. e.g. US 1960's Women's movement, women joined for the consciousness-raising groups in which women gather informally and discussed issues in their lives and sought solutions to their problems through shared experiences. (4) desire to do good (purposive benefits) e.g. Co-madre (5) in pursuit for Material benefits/gain: women that join to protest prices and rents, the loss of day care centers, and the cost of water and electricity. e.g. Uganda protesting for better living standards. (6)the role of women's gendered identities play in informing their activism. (4) the desire to do good (purposive benefits) |
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Strategic Gender interests |
those fundemental issues related to women's subordinate and gender inequities. Are long-term, usually not material, and are often related to structural changes in society regarding women's status and equity. They include legislation for equal rights, reproductive choice, and increased participation in decision-making. arise out of recognition of women's subordinate position in society, and women who mobilize strategic gender interests often explicitly challenge gendered divisions of labor, power, and control, as well as traditionally defined norms and roles. This is more common among western feminists, who are often trying to escape the classification of mothers and wives. While women in the developing world do mobilize around strategic gender interests, more often their interests are defined by immediate needs that draw on traditional expectations of the appropriate division of labor between men's and women's interests. |
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EMILY'S List |
EMILY's List is an American political action committee (PAC) that aims to help elect pro-choice Democratic female candidates to office. It was founded by Ellen Malcolm in 1985. According to the Washington Examiner, Emily's List is "the nation's most influential pro-choice political action committee."The group's name is an acronym for "Early Money Is Like Yeast", Malcolm commenting that "it makes the dough rise". The saying is a reference to a convention of political fundraising: that receiving lots of donations early in a race is helpful in attracting subsequent donors. Emily’s List bundles contributions to the campaigns of pro-choice Democratic women running in targeted races. |
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What are conventional tactics? |
Tactics, generally, are tools a social movement uses to achieve its ends, and often movements use a variety of tactics in their quest to attain their goals. Conventional tactics include such things as writing letters to public officials and meeting with public officials to express one's views. |
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What are conventional in a advanced industrial/democratic societies? |
Marches, trikes, and sit-ins, but that in developing and/or authoritarian societies might be considered militant. |
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What are gender tactics? |
Although varied cultural, political, and social contexts often define the appropriateness of effectiveness of varied strategies. Public attitudes about women differ across cultures, and women in the advances industrial world may be able to use their gender in ways that women in the developing world cannot. e.g. care-giving tasks, silent protest, nigeria cheveron texaco case, BREAST CANCER ACTIVISTS. |
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Michelle Bachelet |
first female president of Chile in Latin America not elected on the basis of her husband's name. She served until 2010, rose through the ranks, following the party-insider path. Michelles father was arrested and tortured because of his opposition to the regime, dieing in prison soon after in 1974. Michelle and her mother left Chile and lived in exile in Germany and Australia. Michelle finished her medical education and became a pediatrician. |
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The Naked Option |
Nigerian women took over a multinational plant of Cheveron-Texaco in Escravos Nigeria, and held 1200 employees hostage for approximately 9 days. The women demanded that Cheveron-Texaco create more jobs for thei unemployed sons and invest in their communities. The naked option in many Nigerian tribes by wives, mothers, or grandmothers is considered a damning protest and shames all those who are exposed to it. After the women occupied the plant, Cheveron executives agreed to their demands to hire more than two dozen villagers and to build schools, water systems, a town hall, and other amenities, |
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The National Organization for Women (NOW) |
a social movement/group of people with common interest working together either to change policy of government and/;or to change how society perceives something, is often made up of various organizations all working for the same topic. (NOW) can be considered both a social movement organization and interest groups because it is a part of the women's movement and attempts to influence the government with the organization activities. |
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Femrocrats |
to refer to both feminists employed as administrators and bureaucrats in positions of power and to women politicians advocating gender equality policies. |
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The similarities of Extremist Nationalists and Religious Fundamentalist movements |
Both types of movements, while not primarily composed of women, attract small but critical female constituency, have often emerged in societies undergoing a wide-ranging social and economical changes, which have altered men's and women's traditional division of labor in society. Often advocate returning to the past in which these traditional roles are restored and, in some instances, further entrenched. |
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What is a nationalist movement? |
a group of people who often feel that the have some important commonalities that unite them and make them distinct from the rest of society. Includes: -a common language, -history, -language, -religion, -and/or ethnicity. they believe the result should form their own sovereign nation or force the state to incorporate them more equally into socitey/government. Often concerned with women issues, as independence of their oppressors, or a more significant political role for their group is the main goal. |
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National Front (FN) |
In France, a political party that refers themselves as a movement, the savage war in the former Yugoslavia, and the horrific genocide in Rwanda were motivated by extreme forms of nationalist frevor, which drew on an inflamed ethnic and racial divisions within society. Women in this movement are portrayed as the symbolic and physical reproducer of the nation, are expected to embrace their role as mother and find total fulfillment in that role. The FN, an extreme far-right French Party founded by Jean-Marie Le Pen in 1972, focuses on women as part of its larger obsession with the growing population of non-European immigrants in France, the rapidly declining birth-rate in France, and the perceived moral decay of society in the face of rampant individualism. |
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Religious Fundamentalist movements |
Often formed in reaction to what they see as an increasing level of moral devay in society, often brought by encroaching modernization and Westernization. Members hope to encourage government to roll back or stop any further changes that would exacerbate this decay, which, in their eyes, is partially caused by a rhetoric of women's rights that encourages women to abandon their traditional roles. A return to traditional female virtues and morality. |
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The Arab Spring |
Unfolding events of protests to form a new constitution such as Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya, where initial elections had been held to draft the constitution. However, Islamist groups had dominated post revolution politics, posing a threat to women. Women were significant presence in the events of the Arab Spring; they joined in the protests, led public demonstrations, launched social media campaigns, smuggled weapons, and cared for the wounded. |
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Rank 1-3 from worst to ok Equal pay: |
1. Japan (Worst) 2. U.S. 3 EU |
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The Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) |
In 1985, Japan ratified UN Convention on the CEDAW which requires the eradification of all legal, political, social, and cultural structures that prevent women from enjoying full equality with men. The japanese government is obligated to aim for actual, not just formal, equality between men and women. Because of this the Japanese government was required to take positive action to achieve gender equality, and a coalition of progressive social scientists, sympathetic bureaucratsm and successful feminist organizations lobbied for the passage of the Equal Opportunity Employment Law (EEOL) in 1985 prohibiting gender discrimination in training, pension allocation, and employer dismissal but did not specifically address the issue of equal pay. |
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The Equal Pay Act |
Established in 1963, an act that provides equal pay for equal work. Provides that when an employer has men and women doing the same or substantially the same job (that is requiring the same skill, effort, and responsibility, at the same location and under similar working conditions, the employees must receive equal pay. However, employers could still base pay differentials on factors such as seniority, merit, and measures related to the quantity and quality of the work. This could hurt women working in low-prestige jobs, which continued to reinforce pay inequities between men and women. |
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The Civil Rights Act |
Established in 1964, intent to end discrimination based on race and religion. However, House of Representative Howard Smith lead to adding sex to the list of groups protected by the legislation. This feared some women to feel barred from certain occupations would then be declared unconstitutional. |
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Title VII of the Civil Rights Act |
Prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, sex, religion, or other national origin in determining wages. This Act was stronger than the Equal Pay Act because of its enforcement measures. |
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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) |
Stemmed from Title VII, to handle complaints, and those found violating its provisions could be subjected to judicially issued cease-and-desist orders. The impact of the law in its initial decade was limited. First, coverage of legislation was not universal; it did not (and still does not) provide equal opportunity and nondiscrimination protections in pay and benefits for part-time workers. EEOC did not respond to complaints, which ignored until the National Organization for Women (NOW) formed in 1970 and actively pursued enforcement. |
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The Lily Ledbetter Case |
Lily Ledbetter had been working for goodyear for almost 20 years before she discovered she had been discriminated against. She filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (had also filed complaint regarding sexual harassment in the workplace and her supervisor had been resigned) soon after she found out about the pay discrepancies. This case now guarantees corporations the freedom to discriminate with impunity, while restricting access to the civil court system for many ordinary Americans who often have no legal recourse. |
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The Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act |
2009 Ruled to amend the Civil Rights Act in allowing 180 days to sue from the discovery of pay discrimination. President Obama signed the bill into law immediately. |
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Walmart v. Dukes |
Pay discrimination lawsuits are costly and emotionally draining, so many employees who suspect pay discrimination will never seek recourse . June 2011, Supreme court stopped a class action lawsuit that female workers had brought against Walmart alleging unequal pay and promotion. They were not suitable for class action, but individual cases. |
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Second-Wave Feminist Movement hint: western feminism |
Second wave feminist movement-women’s movement in the 1960s & 70’s influenced by the civil rights movement, dedicated to raising consciousness about sexims & patriarchy, attaining equal rights in political & economic realms, legalizing abortion & birth control, promoting legal remedies for rape & domestic violence (excluded the concerns of women outside of north america or europe) |
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Glass Ceiling |
keeps women from attaining a large share of top management position |
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Difference Feminism |
argue that men & women are developmentally different. & that policies should not try to treat women & men equally in certain areas, but instead should compensate women for the ways their biology makes them different from men, with regard to reproductive roles. Gender neutral laws are detrimental. Favor maternity leave benefits & affirmative action policies. |
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Hilary Clinton and Nancy Pelosi |
-Speaker of the house (2007-2011), first elected from the 8th district of CA(the House of rep.) 1987, in 2002, as democratic leader of the house of representatives (first woman). Political insider path |
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Park Geun-Hye |
2013 first female President, daughter of the former prez (1961-1979) Park Chung-Hee, regarded as first lady b/w 1974 & 1979 after mom’s assassination, Assemblywomen b/w 1998 & 2008. Political insider path |
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Yingluck Shinawatra (thailand) |
Yingluck Shinawatra (thailand)-2011-2014 the first female Prime Minister, younger sister of the former prime minister (2001-2006) Political insider path |
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Affirmative action |
Affirmative action-regulating terms of employment & pushing a certain vision of an equitable, diverse society. |
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Two-Track personnel System |
found in most corporations in which women form the overwhelmingly majority of general track (as opposed to management track) jobs, which tend to be paying and do not lead to promotions to management positions. |
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Equal Opportunity Mediation Commission (EOMC) |
handle the disputes only if one party requested mediation and both parties agreed to it. At most would only provide advice, guidance, and recommendations, rather than legal resolution. Ammended in 1997 to simplify the process. |
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1999 Basic Law for Gender Equal Society |
-a society in which both women & men shall be given equal opportunities to participate voluntarily in activities in all field as equal partners, & be able to enjoy political, economic, social, & cultural benefits equally as well as to share responsibilities. |
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The Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) |
1993, US did not have a federal policy defining or granting leave. The policy that did pass is extremely limited, applies only to 50 or more, employees must have worked 1250 hours during the previous 12 months, In addition, allowed to take 12 weeks off for newborn/sick child, the leave is unpaid. Would have to use sick leave and vacation leave. Employers may deny leave to an employee within the highest paid 10 percent of its workforce, of letting the worker leave would create a problem for the firm. 40% of workers are not covered by the act, voted twice by George W. Bush. |
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Reconciliation Policy |
-refer to group of measures that help parents balance the competing needs of work & family life, particularly those with children aged 5 & younger, when the demands of child rearing are particularly intense. |
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US Pro-family/Noninterventionist Model |
-emphasizes individualism & limited government interference in family matters, & thus results in a very limited family policy |
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Maternity Leave |
known as parental leave, formally or informally, bc women give birth & have often been the ones who have taken the responsibilities |
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Praternity LEAVES |
job protected leaves from employment for fathers. The conditions behind the leave are similar to maternity, and parental, but specifically target men to encourage them to be more engaged with their family. |
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Parental Leave |
gender neutral, job-protected leaves from employment that follow the same guidelines as maternity leaves or offer additional time off to care for infant, toddler, or sick child. |
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Family leaves |
granted to care for an ill child or to meet parental obligations, such as parent teacher meetings, once child is not covered for maternity/parental leave. |
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Family Allowances |
monthly cash payments to parents. Allowances vary, depending on the size income, and employment status. Often supplemented by birth grants, prenatal and breastfeeding allowances, school grants, child rearing/ child-care allowances, adoption benefits, supplements for single parents, ect. US PROVIDES NONE OF THAT... TAX CREDITS. |
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State feminism |
refers to the activities of government structures that are formally charged with furthering women’s status & rights |
