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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Duverger's 3 ideas
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(1) a majority vote on one ballot is conducive (tendency) to a two-party system;
(2) Proportional representation is conducive to a multiparty system; (3) A majority vote on two ballots is conducive to a multiparty system, inclined toward forming coalitions |
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Duverger’s Law can tell us
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how many parties we would usually expect – but not what kind of parties
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Single member District Plurality – “first past the post” – horse racing
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• Single Member – geographically defined districts that elect a single representative
• First past the post – whoever wins the most votes (regardless of the percentage it) wins the election – this does not require majority, just a plurality |
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Pros and Cons of the SMDP Vote
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• Simple – ease of identification, hold person accountable
• Disproportionate outcomes – candidates can win without majority (vote wastage) • Constituents not necessarily represented best by geographic proximity (ex: colleges not near eachother, but students have more in common) |
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Alternative vote - Australia
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• Single representative – members rank order preferences
• Candidate needs absolute majority • If no candidate wins absolute majority, then the ballots who voted for the lowest are moved to their second vote, counted again • Preferential Ordering – rank candidates • Full preferential: rank all candidates • Optional Preferential voting system – rank only a certain number of candidates |
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Two-Round Systems
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• Two-round elections, no vote wastage
• Can vote differently on both ballots • If party wins majority on first ballot, no second ballot needed • Party that wins the most votes in second round wins |
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Proportional Electoral Systems
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Produce a proportional translation of votes into seats
Not wasted vote |
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Closed List vs. Open list
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Closed list – ranked list from each party, party fills list from the top, vote for party
Open list – presents a list of candidates, can also vote for individuals in party, can have levels of openness |
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Political party
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Structure the political world
Recruit and socialize the political elite Mobilize the masses Provide a link between the rulers and the ruled |
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Party Systems
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Nonpartisan – no official political parties
Single-party system – one legal party One-party dominant system – multiple legal parties, one is effective Two-party system – two effective parties Multiparty system – more than 2 effective parties |
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Effective number of parties
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Measure that weighs the number of votes by the share of votes or the seats they get
Electoral Parties (win votes) and Legislative Parties (win seats) |
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Cadre parties
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early forms of parties, small elite memberships
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Mass Party
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many members, steer direction of the party who will get involved and provide money/support/votes
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Sociological/Historical View of Party Formation
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Lipset and Rokkan - # and strength of parties in Europe
1. Construction of modern nation-states 2. Industrial Revolution |
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Preindustrial Cleavages – lines to separate people
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Rural – urban divide
Confessional - Hindu- Muslims, Protestants and Catholics Secular- Clerical Cleavage, separation of church and state |
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Modern Cleavage
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Ethnic (primordial – natural and automatic feeling)
Post-material – environmental issues, human freedoms |
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Selectorate
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chooses and removes leader, small subset of national population
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Reciprocal Accountability –
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selectorate chooses and removes leadership, leadership remvces members of selectorate. Neither the leader or selectorate possess definitive political authority
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Totalitarian
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All totalitarian are not democracies, not all non-democracies are totalitarian
Requires totalitarian ideology, overt, systematic, institutionalized, dogmatic, and totalizing Coercive apparatus by the state, control from within, absolute atomization of individuals (can only have relationship with the state) Resemble cults |
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Authoritarian
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Political ideology – how to act and what to believe as far as politics
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Extensive Coercive Mobilization
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Authoritarian: limited
Totalitarian: extensive |
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Communism
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Marx and Engel
• Not a totalitarian ideology • System that eliminates private property • Economic hierarchies no longer exist in society Lenin’s vision • Communist revolution led by an elite of party leaders • Totalitarian regime • Creation of the Soviet Union |
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Fascism
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Social Darwinism – certain races are superior
Nationalism Use of violence to achieve nation’s goals Charismatic and personality leader state-oriented |
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Theocracy - Rule by divine right
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God is sovereign, not with the people
Religious authorities simply rule on behalf of God, as they interpret it Religious dictates underpin the entire system of law and legitimacy |
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Modernizing Authoritarianism
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Doesn’t have a single, cohesive ideology
Claims legitimacy by promising to develop the country Institutional set-ups use this as a justification One-party rule Military Patrimonial rule |
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Monarchy
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Relies on family to stay in power
Can be real ties or fictional or mythical |
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Personalistic
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Leader controls all policy decisions
Weaken press and institutionalism and other opposition Strong secret police, use of force |
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Arenas of semi - authoritarianism
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Electoral Arena
• Elections are regularly held • Major opposition usually participates • Corruption and lack of transparency - voter fraud Legislative arena • Tends to be weak Judicial Arena • Formally independent • Subject to impeachment • Informal mechanisms, intimidation, loss of salary Media • Independent media • Subject to manipulation, bribery, advertising dollars |
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Ethnicity –
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people with common heritage, based on religion, family ties, or language
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Primordialism –
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approach to understanding identity which assumes people are born with or develop identity through family and community at an early age, kinship bonds are building blocks of identity, fixed, begin early in life and can’t be changed
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Constructivism
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approach to understanding identity which assumes that identities are changes throughout life, social context
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Political Economy
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relationship between economics and politics
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Economic Development:
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sustained increase in the standard of living of a country’s population, resulting from changes and improvements in wealth
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Economic Market:
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Individuals and firms choose how to produce and purchase goods
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Welfare State:
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role states pay in protecting the economic and social wellbeing of all its citizens through redistributive taxing and spending programs
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Market Failure:
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occurs when economy does not produce necessary goods and services
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Money
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Medium of exchange, store of value, unit of account
States create money by fiat – paper and coins have no intrinsic value social institution - People accept value because they expect others to |
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Regulating the Market Internationally
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Most countries limit the rights of citizens to buy and sell from foreigners
Tariff: tax on foreign goods Quota: limits number of foreign goods Capital Controls: limit amount of money moved across borders |
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Regulating the home market: States limit commerce and organization of firms
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Health and safety rules
Bans on some commerce Allowing and banning monopolies |
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Political Economy Systems
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• Mercantilism - oldest
o Trade balance, need favorable balance of trade (balance of imports and exports) o Tariffs and quotas to protect domestic industries o Not economically efficient • Liberalism o Invisible hand guiding the market o High priority on freedom, no state power unless something goes wrong o Weak state (not engaged in economic policy – protect us and enforce contracts), night watchmen state • Social Democracy o State is directly interventionist for the purpose of creating outcomes that are socially beneficial o Still Capitalists o Equality over freedom o Directly interventionist state, socially beneficial, entitled to expect from society |
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Political violence –
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coercion or force or intention of harm, violate the norms of society, both state and non-state actors can engage in political violence
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Nordic values on Social Democracy
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Radical Individualism – Scandinavians perceive in their social welfare is of the state
Ideal family is made of adults who work independently, and children who are encouraged to be independent (spouses taxed separately, providing education untied to parent’s income, providing child care) |
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Political regimes – differ in the amount of violence that they use
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Democracy – require least amount
Totalitarianism – defined by ready resort to violence Most politics – violence as a last resort |
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Types of political violence by non-state actors
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Turmoil, Intentional, revolution
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Turmoil
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riots, spontaneous short lived, little involvement of political elites
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Intentional –
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greater organization, involve political elites, sustained violence, sub-state terrorism, guerilla warfare, civil wars
a. Luddites – sustained intentional uprising smashed technology with hammers i. Causes: harsh economic conditions because of Napoleonic Wars, no laws to protect laborers, combination acts – banned trade unions, wanted machines to make high-quality goods, made by skilled laborers, pay ii. People fired on, hung and transported, given long prison terms b. war, civil (similarly matched) c. Coup D’état – small number of elites kills leader and take leadership, sometimes military, if plot fails, possess no power resources d. The police State – use state’s power to bring some revolutionary ideal e. Guerilla Warfare – non-state actors, mountains, pick off opposition, hard to confront, small, overmatched by state, increase costs of state |
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Revolution –
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(Trotsky – killed after Russian revolution by ice pick)
f. Overthrow of government by subjects g. Ruling elite replaced by new elite h. Mass insurrection i. Transformation of old system |
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Why does political violence occur
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1. Rational violence/ game theory
2. Relative Deprivation 3. Modernization theory |
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Rational violence/ game theory
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Simultaneous game – 2 players (cube), make a choice at the same time (rebel or don’t rebel)
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Relative Deprivation
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Value expectations vs. value capabilities
What you think you should get vs. what you actually get, status quo is good if lines are close, gap between lines increases political violence Measure yourself against people who you think are like you aspirational deprivations – aspirations rise continuously , capabilities same Progressive deprivation – dangerous form, value expectations and capabilities both rise, then capabilities fall. Weaknesses – how is frustration translated into political violence |
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Modernization theory
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Graphic, two sides: Economic/social modernization (Occurs and does not occur) and Political institutions (flexible and inflexible)
Violence when occurs and inflexible Weakness: not predictive (don’t know if modernization and institutions are problematic until they are proven |
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Civil Wars are defined
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Intensity threshold (1000 people, 1000 deaths per year), no theoretical justification, how do you get an accurate count? Distinguish between combatants and civilians?
Specification of actors – must be in state Specifications of geography – must be in state boundaries |
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Correlates of War:
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requires to participants
Non-government must put up resistance (calculates by casualties) |
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Conflict Coltan
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Used in electronics
Holds and moves electrical signals, conductive ability, strategic mineral (smart bombs) Hard to regulate, found in Dem. Rep of Congo |
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Globalization
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Spread of political economic, and cultural dynamics around the globe
Transnational: issues that cross borders, can’t be fixed by a single government Is not new, 7 phases o Early man o Ancient empires (china, rome) o Colonial empires (spain, England france) o British empire – naval supremacy o Cold war – post WWII, decolonization, independence movements, space exploration, internet o American Hegemony – rise of Islamic radicalism, transnationalism o Post-modern: 9/11, recession |
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In class movie
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Adavasi Indian people movie, violence - India’s silent war
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