Policing Exam 3

Front 1

What argues the police should focus their resources on disorder problems affecting the quality of neighborhood life (relationship among disorder, neighborhood decay, and crime)?

Back 1

Broken windows theory

Front 2

What are the two major categories of disorder?

Back 2

-Social disorder
-Physical disorder

Front 3

What is a form of societal neglect resulting from the disorderly actions of individuals in a neighborhood; examples include public drinking, street corner gangs, street harassment, street-level drug sell and use, noisy neighbors, and commercial sex?

Back 3

Social disorder

Front 4

What is a form of societal neglect resulting from physical decay within a neighborhood; examples include vandalism, dilapidation, abandonment of buildings, and trash buildup?

Back 4

Physical disorder

Front 5

What is a model of policing that stresses a two-way working relationship between the community and the police, in which the police become more integrated into the local community and citizen assume an active role in crime control and prevention?

Back 5

Community policing

Front 6

What is the most important change in the role of the police?

Back 6

The shift from the crime-fighter image to order maintenance

Front 7

What is the most effective way of reducing community decay and disorder?

Back 7

Through a collaborative relationship between the police and the community

Front 8

What are the two elements of needed to successfully implement community partnerships between the police and the public?

Back 8

-Consultation
-Mobilization

Front 9

T or F: Residents who live in areas with more crime, and who live in inner-city minority neighborhoods, have been less willing to participate in Neighborhood Watch programs or any other activities that involve partnership with the police

Back 9

True

Front 10

What are programs designed to improve relations with minority communities?

Back 10

Police-community relations (PCR)

Front 11

Who are police-community relations more successful towards?

Back 11

-Middle-income people
-Homeowners
-Whites
-Older people

Front 12

Who are police-community relations least successful with?

Back 12

-Really poor
-Renters
-Racial minorities

Front 13

What identifies the underlying causes of problems rather than responding to the problems themselves?

Back 13

Problem solving

Front 14

What is a major device that provides officers with written rules about what kinds of conduct are not permitted?

Back 14

Administrative rulemaking

Front 15

What is a model of policing that stresses planned responses to crime and disorder problems?

Back 15

Problem-oriented policing

Front 16

Problem-oriented policing is implemented through a four stage called what?

Back 16

SARA (scanning, analysis, response, and assessment)

Front 17

Which stage of the SARA model is when officers take steps to identify possible problems and expose their underlying causes?

Back 17

Scanning

Front 18

Which stage of the SARA model is when police collect information about a problem to help identify its scope, nature, and cause?

Back 18

Analysis

Front 19

Which stage of the SARA model is when data collected is when data collected during the analysis stage is used to develop a strategy to address the problem, and implement a response?

Back 19

Response

Front 20

Which stage of the SARA model is when the effectiveness of response is evaluated through rigorous feedback that allows for revision if the response is not successful?

Back 20

Assessment

Front 21

What refers to aggressive law enforcement of laws directed at combating disorder will motivate residents to better care for their community, a policy that calls for the police to focus primarily on disorder, minor crime, and the appearance of crime through interventions?

Back 21

Zero-tolerance policing

Front 22

What is defined as differential treatment based on some extralegal category such as race, ethnicity, or gender?

Back 22

Discrimination

Front 23

What refers to differences or inequalities that are not necessarily caused by differential treatment?

Back 23

Disparity

Front 24

How many people with incomes below $20,000 had very little confidence in the police?

Back 24

30%

Front 25

How many people with incomes of $50,000 or greater had very little confidence in the police?

Back 25

7%

Front 26

T or F: The quality of life in a neighborhood plays a major role in shaping attitudes toward the police

Back 26

True

Front 27

What refers to a lack of cross-sectional contact and communication between police officers and a community that leads to misperceptions about public attitudes towards the police?

Back 27

Selective contact

Front 28

What refers to the likelihood that the police officers will remember traumatic or unpleasant incidents with citizens, even though only 2 to 5 percent of contacts involve hostility or conflict?

Back 28

Selective perception

Front 29

What are the greatest source of tensions between the police and racial minorities (use of deadly force, physical force, arrests, stops and frisks, and verbal abuse)?

Back 29

Police field practices

Front 30

Which Supreme court case decision accelerated the trend toward adoption of the defense-of-life standard, which greatly restricts the use of deadly force by police officers?

Back 30

Tennessee v. Garner (1985)

Front 31

What states that police officers are allowed to use deadly force only in situations where their own lives or the life of another person is in danger?

Back 31

Defense-of-life standard

Front 32

What was the greatest disparity between whites and African Americans?

Back 32

Unarmed fleeing individuals (8 to 1 ratio)

Front 33

What is the most common complaint voiced by minorities about the police?

Back 33

Police brutality

Front 34

What is any level of force more that what is necessary to fulfill a lawful objective?

Back 34

Excessive force

Front 35

When are officers authorized to use force?

Back 35

To protect themselves, to affect an arrest, to overcome resistance, and to bring a dangerous situation under control

Front 36

T or F: White and African American officers were about equally likely to use force and were most likely to use force against members of their own race

Back 36

True

Front 37

T or F: The use of force is primarily a function of the police role and situational factors

Back 37

True

Front 38

What situational factors are police decisions influenced by?

Back 38

-Strength of the evidence
-Seriousness of the crime
-Preference of the victim
-Victim-suspect relationship
-Demeanor of the suspect

Front 39

What do the greatest disparities in arrest involve?

Back 39

Drug offenses

Front 40

What is referred to as "pedestrian stops", and involve a crime control strategy of both identifying and apprehending offenders, and at the same time sending a message of deterrence to people on the street?

Back 40

Field interrogations

Front 41

What were a major cause of tensions between the police and minority communities?

Back 41

Field interrogations and aggressive preventative patrol

Front 42

What are belief and perceptions developed through training, experience, culture, and polices that allows officers to develop a visual shorthand for suspects based on visual cues?

Back 42

Stereotyping

Front 43

What refers to the practice of making police stops solely on the basis of one's race or ethnicity and not because of criminal activity?

Back 43

Racial profiling

Front 44

What are the two most important specific programs for improving police community relations?

Back 44

-PCR units
-Officer training

Front 45

What is used to establish trust and cooperation with the community that the police serve?

Back 45

Legitimacy

Front 46

What is the ability to understand and respond appropriately to differences in the languages, traditions, lifestyles, and patterns of communications of different racial or ethnic groups?

Back 46

Cultural competence