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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Unipolarity
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A system where a single power dominates the system. Thought to be the most unstable because a system of balancing power would rise up against hegemon and knock it down.
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Bipolarity
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An international system where it is dominated by two powers, said to be the most stable by neorealism since states roughly balance each other out, therefore, it deters conflict since war would be costly.
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Multipolarity
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An international system where there is many great powers, thought to be the most unstable by neorealism because it can balance against potential hegemon. However it is believed to be the most stable by classical realist because no one state can dominate another due to balancing.
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State
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A political institution that exerts its monopoly of sovereignty, and the legal use of force within a defined border.
Relevant because states are the organizing principle of government and people. |
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Nationalism
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Nationalism: pride in one’s people and the belief
that they have a unique political destiny Origins: Conscription, literacy, active promotion by states |
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Sovereignty
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Ultimate power to control people, resources, and events within the area of the state without external interference.
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Hegemon
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Predominant state in the system of international politics. There has never been one. Even in Europe where multiple wars failed to determine hegemon: 30 years war, French expansion, concert of Europe, Wars of unification, Bismarck's Alliance System.
Global hegemon is impossible, a states best hopes is to be regional hegemon. |
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30 Years War
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Habsburg Empire (Spain/Austria) and Holy Roman
Empire v. Protestant States and Allies (Brandenburg-Prussia, France, England, Bohemia) Cause: struggle over religion (Protestants vs Catholics) Became Struggle over balance of power Very Destructive Consequences: Ended Habsburg bid for mastery of Europe Led to the peace of Westphalia |
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Concert of Europe
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Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia, formed a system of alliance to counter the French threat after Napoleonic wars (1803-1815) and Louis XIV (1643-1715). This was now a system designed to "balance military power," so that no power could dominate Europe. Another consequence is mass conscription and total war. Also nationalism.
Created and maintained a Balance of Power Balance of Power: A distribution of military capabilities such that no one state can dominate others. |
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Wars of Unification
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Italy and Germany experienced rising nationalism, mostly to deter from being bullied by stronger states
Franco-Austrian War (Second Italian War of Independence) (1859) Bismarck’s wars: Iron and Blood Austro-Prussian War (Seven Week’s War) (1866) Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) Consequence: Austria and France are crushed Bismarck no longer revisionist ; now status quo leader Bismarck creates German |
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Otto Von Bismarck
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Chancellor of Prussia, pursued unification of German states only for the security of Prussia, due to him being a "junket" aristocrat. He built up army due being a revisionist who later turned Status quo, and an exemplar for realism.
He and Austria first fought Denmark, 1864, and gained Schlewsig and Holstein. Fought the Austro-Prussian war, unified Northern German states, won due to railraod, telegraph, new rifles, and through diplomatic isolation. Defeated and humiliated France in Franco-Prussian War, due to better training and railroad, and unified to create Germany, with annexation of saar and lorraine. Viewed War as a useful political tools only when diplomacy failed to get opponent to follow one's will, and nothing more. |
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Balance of Power
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A balance of power is a state of stability between competing forces. In international relations, it refers to equilibrium among countries or alliances to prevent any one entity from becoming too strong and, thus, gaining the ability to enforce its will upon the rest. Comes from concert of Europe due to France's rise.
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Peace of Westphalia
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The peace of Westphalia is the consequence of the 30 years between the Hapsburg Empire & Holy Roman Empire v. Protestant States and Allies. The peace of Westphalia created system of States as the organizing principle of politics, and established sovereignty.
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Napoleonic Wars
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(1803-1815) Rise of the French and pursuit of French expansion to become sole regional power in European continent. Led to formatin of Concert of Europe to balance future power
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Pax Britannica
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Relative peace in Europe from 1815-1914, after the establishment of concert of Europe, with
Britain as the strongest military and economic power. Downfall begins with Crimean War (1853–1856) fought between Russia vs. France, Britain, Ottoman Empire |
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Containment
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Containment is the ability to stop or check the expansion of a rising power. It is most important in the context of realism, because status quo powers want to make sure that they can contain potential rivals that want to rise and threaten their existing power.
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Franco-Austrian War
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War between France and Austria to determine the unification and creation of Italy from Austrian control.
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Revisionist Power
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A state unsatisfied with it's standing in the system of hierarchy within international politics. Therefore, they pursue power to become a regional hegemony. An example, Iran.
Most relevant to realism, since they believe that every state is a revisionist until they reach hegemony. |
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Status-Quo Power
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A state that is satisfied with it's standing in the hierarchy of international politics. Therefore, they don't actively pursue change within this hierarchy, but hope to maintain it. They are usually the regional hegemony such as USA.
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Industrial Revolution
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Steam power, (1750-1850) needed raw materials to power the economy and thus led to imperialism.
Significant because it led to imperialism. |
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Revolution in Military Technology
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New lethal small arms
Railroad made total war possible- Rapid mobilization of troops and supplies to front lines of war. Telegraph-Emplyed by Prussia for rapid coommunication and control over llarge armies. |
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Imperialism
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the extension of authority or control of
one state over another. The industrial revolution which needed raw material to feed it, meant looking elsewhere for natural resources. Nationalism and the belief in their own superiority provided justification for conquest. Military technology made conquest easy. Most relevant to both constructivism, because imperalism was seen as its own humantirain efforts, while it was also relevant to realist, because it was a way for one state to dominate another in order to increase it's power. |
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White Man's Burden
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As illustrated by Rudyard Kipling's poem, it is a duty and mandate from god that the white man must colonize to spread western ideals in order to civilize the barbarians.
Relevance is most important to construvism, where it was deemed a humantirain effort to spread civilization, and was used as a justification for imperialism. It was the norm. |
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Melians
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The account by Thucydides which shows classical realism in action, where human nature is the center piece of international politics. Since Melians were doing nothing to harm the Athenians, yet, they still pursued hostilities which implies that it is natural to dominate and the strong rule what they can, while the weak must accept it.
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Theory
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General framework for understanding how the
world works, and makes sense of historical and contemporary events. Guides policy decision. Often specifes how actors (states, individuals, etc.) relate to one another Note: not every theory can account for all world phenomena! |
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Anarchy
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There is no authority above states to govern, or dictate against injustice and give protection. The centerpiece of realism, which leads to 911 problem, and self help, which causes security dilemma, and distrust.
mplications of Anarchy: Self-Help Relative Gains , not Absolute Gains International System , NOT Human Nature affects Decisions Consequences: Security Dilemma Cooperation more Difficult Alliances: Balancing v. Bandwagoning |
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Distribution of Power
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Comparison of power among states in the international system.
The center of conflict and centerpiece of neorealism, where states seek to become hegemony thus securing survival. Comparison and distribution of military might and power among international system. Power is through population size, wealth of economy, and through military. |
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Rational Unitary Actor
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States act strategically to maximize goals; survive
most important to realism A state is the main actor and it is analyzing where they strategically act to maximize security, survival, and to fulfill interests. They analyze possible actions through the possible reactions of other states. Uncertainty Unsure of new capabilities’ performance Unsure estimates of other’s capabilities Disinformation Weak states over-sell their power Powerful states downplay their power |
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Rational Actor
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An actor that act strategically to maximize goals.
The main actor in liberalism, where states are rational actors. However they are not unitary. |
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Classical Realism
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Thucydides
Balance of Power Unchanging Human Nature Unsentimental about Power Hans Morgenthau Competition/War among States as Normal Human Nature as the Source of Conict What factors effect foreign policy? States are Rational Unitary Actors Power=economic and military power Human Nature is always conictual Relative Power + Human Nature → Rational Decisions |
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Human Nature
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Centerpiece of classical realism as the source of conflict. Advocated by Morgenthau, and Thucydides that humans are simply hardwired to dominate and conflict with one another. A great piece is the melian dialogue where the Athenians exercise force against a peaceful Melian.
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Self-Help
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The "911" problem leads to self-help, where in a system of anarchy, there is no one to rely on, but yourself. Therefore, states maximize power for survival. Leads to security dilemma.
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Relative Gains
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Gains that are made in comparison to other party's gain.
A centerpiece of realism, where states care more about relative gains than absolute gains, they must maximize gains relative to opponents. Makes cooperation difficult. |
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Absolute Gains
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Gains that made by the party.
Not important as relative gains, absolute gains is a state maximizing gains, and not worried about comparison. |
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International System
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The nature of interaction between states
Liberalism: society, where states are "good" neighbor and can survive better through cooperation, and economic interdepence Realim: Anarchy, and states are in a state of self help |
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Security DIlemma
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When a state increases its own security, thus, leads to less security in neighboring states, thus, states increase. Therefore it falls into the vicious cycle of armament.
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Cooperation
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States interacting in mutual beneficial ways.
most important in liberalism due to democratic regime, economic interdependence, and international institutions. Hard due to cheating, and relative gains. Furthermore, it is possible as long as it does not jeopardize security, or survival. Usually when it does happen it is simply an unintended consequence of self interests. Such as the US saving Europe, not because US wanted to be nice, but because did not want Soviet to help and shift power. |
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Balancing
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A system of alliance where states balance against rising revisionist states, or against common enemy.
important for realism where status quo will try to contain rising power |
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Bandwagoning
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A system of alliance where states bandwagon with rising revisionist states in hopes to rise in the hierarchy of international system.
Important for realism where revisionist power will try to overtake status quo |
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Uncertainty
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States can never be 100% sure of other states intentions, furthermore uncertain of own military capabilities, or others. Along with misinformation, where strong states undersell power, and weak states oversells power leads to distrust and self help.
Crucial because this leads state to the self-help, and security dilemma, furthermore, this shows that although states are rational, they are not pefect because they of uncertainty and disinformation. |
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Three Freedoms of Liberalism
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Freedom from arbitrary authority and unlawful seizures of property, negative rights.
Freedom of opportunity, Political Participation and representation. Fulfills requirements for a state to be liberal, which is economy is driven by the free market and enduring property rights, citizens have juridicial rights, government is republic, free from external control. |
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International Institutions
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The rules that govern elements of world politics and the organizations that help implement those rules.
Neoliberals nd institutions have inuence independent of states Transaction Costs Reciprocity Reduces uncertainty through providing informationcommuncating, information, negotiations reciprocity, and spread of ideas. International institutions are also very important to construcivism, because it is a platform for state to interact, and through socialization states learn identity, through identity they learn interests. |
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Economic Interdependence
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Where states are highly integrated and reliant on trade for prosperity.
This is one of the fundamental ways for cooperation to prosper, and leading to peace since everyone has a stake in everyone's survival. Wars would be more costly than beneficial. Most important to liberalism. |
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Negative Rights
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Freedom from arbitrary authority and seizure of property, negative because it excludes what government can do; freedom of speech cannot be limited. One of the three freedoms
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Positive Rights
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Citizens have postivie rights, freedom of opportunity, where government must intervene in order to protect these rights; schools. One of the three freedoms.
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Political Rights
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Government that is open for political participation by the citizens, and also is representative. One of the three freedoms.
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Source of State Interests
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For liberalism it is from domestic politics.
For realism it is international distribution of power For liberalism it is through identity from interactions. |
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Ideational Appraoch
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The appraoch of maximizing state security is throughh the spreading and embarcing of ideas.
Important to liberlism, because they believe that spreading of ideas lead to peace |
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Material Appraoch
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The approach of maximizing state security through accumulating ecoonomic wealth, and miltar goods.
Important to realist, because they believe that security is maximized with this approach. |
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Transaction Costs
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Barriers that make mutual beneficial efforts more costly. This is significant for liberalism, because they believe that international institutions reduce costs of communicating, dissemination information, resolving conflicts, and that international institution can handle the need of many states.
Most relevant to liberalism because international institutions are very helpful indepedent of states because it helps in facilitating cooperation through lowering transaction costs. |
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Reciprocity
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Exchange of similar expressions.
Most significant in liberalism where they believe that reciprocity in cooperation, and trust leads to peace and economic interdependence. Also very significant in constrcuvism as it leads to a stable identity. In psych/be it is important to build cooperation. |
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Neoliberlsim
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Keohane: accepts assumptions of realism, but
draws new conclusions Recall assumptions of realism: Anarchy, distribution of power, rational unitary actors Neoliberals nd institutions have inuence independent of states Transaction Costs Reciprocity Reduces uncertainty through providing information Policies through institutions different than unilaterally adopted policies |
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inter-subjective Understandings
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A shared set of beliefs, meanings, and values among states. This helps establishes norms, since states share a common understanding.
Most relevant to constructionist, because they believe that inter subjective understanding become prevailing norms through socialization of states. |
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Permissive Norms
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Norms that create allowable conditions for actions, but do not always determine action.
Significance is mostly in constructionist, because it can be used for states to justify foreign intervention, due to prevailing norms of humanitarian interests. |
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Identity
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A stable, role-specfiic understandings and expectations about self/ Actor with stable beliefs, approaches, values and beliefs.
Important to constructionist because they believe that states can only learn their own identity through interactions, and then it will understand their own interests and actions. |
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Power
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Realism-Population size, economic wealth, and military might.
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Capabilites
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Capabilities refers to physical attributes that contribute to one's power. Often times, realists are mostly concerned with material capabilities, namely, military and economic capabilities.
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Humantarianism Interests
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Interests for promoting human welfare in place of strategic, or commercial intersts. The significance is that most states use humantirain intersts when justifying foreign interventions, and has been that way since 19th century because it has become a prevailing norm to do so.
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Multilateral Intervention
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Intervention in foreign affairs that inlcude more tha one party. The significance of this in international relations is that to be "deemed" a humanitarian effort for justification of foreign intervention, multilateral efforts are needed
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Evoked Set
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Part of the individual's memory that is currently active. The significance is that common source of misperception, even though it is not intended. And information is objective, and states decisions is not rational
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Analogies
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Historical events that resemble the present situation. The significance is that States learn from past situation in order to better outcome.
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Sources of Misperception
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Existing Theories-who incorporate new ambiguous data
Different background concern-evoked set message being sent is not clear evidence is consistent with other views. Relevance is that information is not objective and states decisions are not rationa. |
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Prisoner's Dilemma
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An experiment where you and your friend is thrown in jail. If you guys keep quiet, 1 year each. If you rat, your free, and friend gets 3, vice versa. If you guys rat, 2 years each.
The significance is that mot people choose to stay quiet, instead of ratting each other out, and shows actors have social motivations, and cooperation is inherent. |
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Ultimatum Game
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You choose division of endowment, and your friend rejects or accepts. Rejects then gains are gone. Accept then go home. Thought that people would offer minimum, but no, people gave way more, and receivers rejected low offers.
Releveance, is that people have social motivations, and cooperation is inherent. |
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Insurance Game
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You and friend get endowment, you choose division to give and it gets multiplied by three to your friend, and your friend gets to decide final division. Most people expected no giving. however most people gave, and most people got things in return. shows that people have social motivvations and cooperation is inherent.
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Trust
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Reliance on others.
Most relevant to Psychology and BE in that people have a tendency to trust in each other, be fair, and cooperate. |
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Collective Action Problem
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A common problem that cannot be solved by individual action, but to which group members have little incentive to individually contribute.
Most relevant to P and BE, because it shows that most people do cooperate inherently as they are socially motivated. |
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Endowment Effect
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Actors overvalue something that they already possess
States ight longer to regain territory (US fighting and holding to south vietnam) States prefer status qu to risky bets. |
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Risk Acceptable in Domain of Loss
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People are willing to play risky when facing losing situation.
relevenace is that it can show why states fight longer to regain territory. States prefer status quo to risky bets. |
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Overconfidence
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The tendency to overrate one's self. Another source of misperception in rational behavior, relevant because it explains over expansion. and that reputation does not matter.
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Backward Induction
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Capability to reason from the outcome to the beginning through a sequence of moves to determine the best action.
most people cannot do this can explain over expansion reputation does not matter at all. |
