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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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intervention |
Coming between disputing groups/peoples -entails a positive connotation -a transformative act to bring about a change -end result can be: 1. success- brings about change 2. unintended consequences- situtation becomes worse, creates failed states |
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nation-state |
a political & geopolitcal entity with a cultural/ethnic identity -geopolitical entity: territory outlined on a map -political entity: common culture/ethnic bond -have territorial integrity -international sovereignty |
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Ways of identifying intervention |
-rhetoric: coercion to act in a certain way -picture: e.g. Khomeini in Lebanon -amount of influence/impact it perpetuates -need a quantifiable/measurable way to label intervention |
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Nye's 8 manifestations of intervention |
1. speeches 2. broadcasts to other countries 3. economic aid 4. military advisers 5. support opposition 6. blockade 7. limited military action 8. military invasion |
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Who does intervention |
-nation-states or nation-state coalitions -international institutions, e.g. UN -multi-national corporations -non-state actors, e.g. al-Qaeda -non-governmental organizations, e.g. Amnesty International |
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nation vs. state |
-nation: social group linked through common descent, culture, language, or territorial integrity -state: an organizational structure outside other socioeconomic hierarchies with autonomous office-holders |
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nations without a state |
-nations must be recognized by other states to be legitimate; usually recognized by exchange of ambassadors -e.g. Palestinians, Basques, Kurds |
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state without a nation |
-common culture doesn't unite people within a territory -Lebanon: borders are recognized, but it lacks a cohesive, integrated nation of people |
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what governs the behavior of nation-states |
-self-interest -other states -acting according to norms of other countries- whatever the consensus of the international community is |
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Theory |
a set of propositions & concepts that seek to explain phenomena by specifying relationships among concepts -purpose: predict phenomena -a theory is good if it can explain many different examples |
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realism |
-theory of international relations that argues that the state is driven by survival -states exist in a competitive world -forced to protect their independence & sovereignty -states exist in an anarchic environment -self-help: principle of action in anarchy -the state is the primary actor & should be the level of analysis -nation-states are unitary actors: institutions act as one within the state -nation-states are rational & purposive |
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anarchy |
the absence of legitimate authority above the nation-state -the current international order |
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norms |
-notions of acceptable behavior -Formed through interactions between states over time: how states interact affects the actions of other states -Norms become legitimized over time through international law and treaties |
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Responsibility to protect |
-a shift in intervention from the late 20th to early 21st centuries - Problematic: infringes on state sovereignty and can constrain state action - Issue of who makes the decision to intervene when human rights are violated - What should be the degree of intervention |
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subaltern realism |
-theory designed to understand third world countries' behaviors & roots of conflict -can’t look at nation-states as unitary actors, need to just look at leadership, conflicts, etc. -third world states generally weak, often dependent on industrialized states; therefore they're more concerned with relative gains & short-term benefits - Based on the notion that western-centric theories of IR, such as neorealism, can’t explain many experiences in the Middle East |
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sovereignty |
-states are independent, no external actors can take control, they are controlled by the government, and are based on self-determination - Increasingly borders are becoming blurred as aspects of globalization infringe on state sovereignty - It was originally a practiced behavior from the 14th to 16th century, but became legitimized through the Peace of Augsburg and Treaty of Westphalia - No state is fully sovereign: always influenced by other actors |
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Omnibalancing |
traditionally a nation-state allies itself with another nation-state to protect itself against power or threats |
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Ways omnibalancing occurs |
1. Balancing- allying with others against a prevailing threat Ex: gulf countries allied with Saudi Arabia to counter Iran 2. Bandwagoning- allying with a source of danger, particularly a strong nation Ex: Qatar supported Iran because of longstanding feud w/ Saudi Arabia |
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Weak state |
-inability of a nation-state to continually provide political goods (e.g. security, electricity, water) to its citizens living within designated borders - Cannot coerce all the citizens living within its borders |
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Failed state |
- inability to govern over territory of the state- Lacks governance - Outside actors often able to gain influence, e.g. militias and rival political parties - Creates divisions within the country |
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NGOs |
non-governmental organizations; often have the ability to influence states’ actions - Have soft power: don’t directly coerce through military force - E.g. Amnesty international: have their own ideas of human rights - Act independently of the state and project their own ideas |
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System |
a set of units/elements/actors/states that interact with each other in various capacities - Ability of a unit to be affected by others demonstrates they’re part of a system - Identified by rate of interaction/interdependence: higher the rate, the easier the system is to recognize |
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Closed vs. open system |
- Closed system = domestic - Open system = regional & international system |
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Hard power |
military/economic measures to influence or control behavior of other countries - Effect: creates a hierarchy of power, not authority - The absence of a higher authority leaves states to defend themselves |
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Soft power |
ability to influence or co-opt rather than coerce - Can be ways of injecting thoughts or culture into a society, e.g. movies |
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Unipolarity |
a structure of the international system in which one state has capabilities that can’t be countered - In theory greater likelihood of peace & stability - Emerged after end of the Cold War with US as hegemon |
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Indications of peace potential in unipolar world |
-Peace progress in Arab-Israeli conflict only started after end of Cold War -prevention of WMDs in Iraq & Libya |
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Balance of power |
condition of equilibrium among states - Equilibrium breeds proclivity towards stability - States will often build up their defenses out of fear of a hegemon |
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Structure |
-how units relate to one another, not how they interact - Structure of international system defined by number of states competing, i.e. multipolar, bipolar, unipolar - Can be at the international or regional level - The hierarchy within the structure may constrain states’ actions |
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Neorealists & structure |
- Neorealists believe actions of states are constrained/dictated by balance of power in international system |
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Constructivism |
-interaction of states is defined by norms, ideas, values, rules, identity - Goes beyond notion of hard power - Actions of other actors besides the state are important, e.g. NGOs and IGOs - Emerged after the Cold War because the new international system couldn’t be explained by neorealism |
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Interdependence |
because of increased globalization, states are increasingly affected by other states’ actions and are connected with them technologically, through environmental issues, etc. |
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Security dilemma |
with the absence of higher authority, state A left to defense itself - Buildup of defense could be interpreted by a neighbor as aggressive act, so as state A builds up defenses, state B becomes insecure and builds up its defenses |
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Intersubjectivity |
notion of shared meanings that are developed by the interaction of people or states -meanings change over time as people interact |
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Arabic identity |
-emerged as form of soft power during 1950's & 60's -constructivist: power controlled by who defines what constitutes an Arab -Nasser: relations between Egypt & other countries contingent on Arab identity -championed Palestinian cause |
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issue of concept of nation-state in third world |
-foreign to third world- Western construct (Peace of Augsberg & Treaty of Westphalia) -took years for Western borders to be est.- may take time for third world countries -borders don't correspond to tribal, geographic or economic reality- created after WWI |
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Sykes-Picot |
-agreement at end of WWI responsible for makeup of the modern Middle East -Syria still views Lebanon as artificial construct |
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importance of third world to first world |
-states can't maintain health standards: spread of disease -terrorist breeding ground -refugees into Europe -conflict spillover into neighboring countries -human rights violations |
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Sadat & bandwagoning |
-president of Egypt after Nasser -territory lost in 6-day war to Israel under Nasser- unpopular w/ citizens -used truce to regain territory -didn't act in best interest of Egyptian state- diplomatic move to gain popularity -shows third world leaders will bandwagon w/ external threat to balance internal threat |
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Why is the Middle East a system |
Linkage-argues Middle East is a system because reverberations of one country's actions are felt throughout the region Binder- argues Middle East is a system because Middle east wasn't in the middle of Cold War conflict- existed separately from bipolar world |
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2 historical notions of intervention according to Trachtenburg |
1. Maintaining equilibrium/balance of power between countries -Focused on Europe, no other areas 2. Imposition of European values -European powers only countries to intervene in 17th-19th centuries |
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Reasons for European intervention |
-commercial reasons -control over territory -prestige- more territory than other countries -protection- "civilizing" peoples -kinship w/ groups they identify with -strategic, e.g. Suez Canal to British -ideology/values, e.g. democracy |
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main driver of change in intervention |
Globalization: -countries increasingly interconnected -technology/media created global community -social influence & internalization of western values |
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factors affecting states' decision to intervene in conflict |
1. necessity- conflict may continue 2. success rate- intense conflict doesn't usually get intervention 3. political context- domestic costs, available policy choices, history with that country, political conditions of the conflict 4. strategy- military, economic, both 5. purpose- victory for one side, negotiation |
