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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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heuristic policy cycle.
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agenda setting formulation policy adaption implemation evaluation |
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agenda setting |
process by which issues are identified and which conflicts and concerns gain prominence and exposure so theyre brought into public arena for debate |
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formulation |
policy issues translated into actual proposals, stage where politics matter how should we address problem? who should be resposible? |
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policy adaption |
which proposal makes most sense? requires majority adaption |
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implemation |
policy put into action, policy out of legislators hands buerocrats implementing |
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evaluation |
did it work? where from here |
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disparity |
differences between population groups (in terms of heath or medical care) |
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inequity |
lack of fairness, justice |
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plessy v. ferguson |
segregation in schools legal, seperate but equal |
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magnet school |
focused around particular theme part of public school district implemented to achieve desegregation offers special programs not offered elswhere, attract diversity |
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brown v board of education |
seperate but equal school accomoodations unconsitutional |
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charter school |
legal and financial autonomous public school operates like private buisness accountable more for student outcomes |
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affirmative action |
an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education; positive discrimination. |
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for affirmative action |
legacy of racial/gender discrimination exists without discrimination, good schools and jobs |
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against affirmative action |
doesnt eliminate link between race, poverty, and academic opprotunity racialminorities and women do not face any danger that their race or gender will holdthem back. |
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what is the ugly assumption? |
“[Minority]kids are incapable of learning unless they are hanging around some white magic
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political framework of school choice |
ìOffers “exit” option from deteriorating central city school systems
ìCan be anessential element of school racial integration programs .ìProvides amechanism for attracting a more diverse student body from a larger geographicarea. |
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solutions to problems of minority education? |
culturally responsive teaching descriptive representation in teachers |
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school to prison pipeline |
no tolerance policies that introduce youth to the criminal justice system for less severe incidents |
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sentencing reform: key legislation |
nixon's war on drugs reagan and the crack/cocaine disparity mandatory minimums |
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racial isolation |
minority group living among others of the same race and language. |
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nativism |
preference towards those born in the country |
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blacks/whites views on affirmative action |
affrimative action favors those who are the minority therefore many blacks support it, whites do not usually support it |
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key legislation and decisons relating to affirmative action |
civil rights act University ofCalifornia Regents v. BakkeRules out racial quotas, but allows race to beconsidered with other factors. California lawbans the use of race in evaluating applicants (Proposition 209). University ofMichigan Law School may givepreferential treatment to minorities during the admissions process |
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5 epochs of immigration |
colonial period mid 19th century early 20th century post WWII |
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colonial period |
early philosophy believed govementment couldnt restrict immigration alien and sedition act |
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mid 19th century |
buracracy developed to enforce restrictions demand for immigrant labor continued opening open flow from americas chinese exclusion act |
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early 20th century |
naturalization act: have to speak and understand english asia is a barred zone johnson reed act: quata system favors european immigrants |
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post WWII |
immigration and naturality act took into account reuniting families more immigration from latin america rather than europe |
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problems for minorites in education |
school to prison pipeline-------get rid of no tol achievement gap------college prep classes area where they live-----bussing |
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Why is racial diversity important in achievingequality
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black student achievement enhance by less segregated schooling improved intergroup relations in the long term need more than a token number of students |
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who are most racially isolated in public schools? |
whites |
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pros of charter school
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elementary schools on average outperform in both reading and math urban charter schools perform better than suburban |
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cons charter schools |
many enrolled have higher achievement levels from before not any true proof that they are effecive |
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alternative plans to affirmative action |
socioeconomic status: low income have less opprotunities and deserve leg up in admission percent plans: certain amount of each race admitted to colleges |
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holistic admission |
not just looking at scores but at the person |
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republican/democratic views on affirmative action |
rep-negative dems-postivie |
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has educational achievement gap of racial groups been growing orshrinking since the 1990s |
shrinking, because of the increasing minoritiy going to schools |
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racial profliling |
the use of race or ethnicity as grounds for suspecting someone of having committed an offens
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example of racial profling legislation |
national security and entry exit registartion system- people from predominantly muslim countries have to register with feds, be fingerprinted, interogated, photographed |
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argument in favor of sentencing reform |
get people off the streets and eradicate major criminals |
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agruments against sentencing reform |
incarcerating individuals causes issues effects families inability to get sturdy employment barriers to public assistance poverty |
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example of solution to mass incarceration |
doj instruct prosecutros to side step fed sentencing by not recording amount of durgs found on non violent dealers |
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aliens and sedition act |
authorized president to deport any foreigner deemed to be dangerous |
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naturalization act |
abililty to speak and undersstand english became a requiremet for naturalization |
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johnson reed act |
quota system that favored immigrants from northern europe and banned immigration by persons ineligible to citizenship---primarily affected japs |
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1965 immigration and nationality act |
repeals quotas based on national origin reunification of families and skills needed in us percentages to hard numbers more from latin america rather than europe |
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main components of immigration bill 2013 |
create pathway to citizenship (fair but feasible) immigration policies supports families and american values ensuring immigration enforcemnt and security system that meets needs of American economy long term commitment to citizenship |
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controversies of 2014 immigration bill |
chain migration-flow of more as each brings new family members same sex partners point based system-admitted based on a list of characteristics a country find valuable (age, education, language, occupation) |
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municipal responses to immigration |
sanctuary cities |
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state responses to immigrations |
banning sanctuary cities, allowing sanctuary cities, |
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desegregation of schools |
ìSegregated school systemin the South remained intact a full decade after the Brown decisionìIn the North,schools remained segregated until the mid-1970sìBecause of the1964 Civil Rights Act, passed by US Congress, the South was more desegregatedthan any other region in the country by 1970
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evidence showing the resegregation of schools |
gains achieved by blacks in south gone oversight of schools by the courts diminishing segregation rising because of the lack of oversight intigration not holding up with enrollment total whites has least exposure to other races segregation involves poverty and race integration improves success and grad rates |
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race neutral |
race should have no consideration in admission decisions |
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race conscious |
race should only one of many considerations in admission decisions |
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role of school in equality |
the role of a school is to provide a system based on equality and equal education for all |
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pros of refocus on income inequality policies |
allowing more to get better eduacation access to better schools more diverse classrooms integrated |
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cons for refocus on income inequality |
could be made to disfavor those with lower income this would target minorites |
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argument in favor of socioeconomic integration ofschools.
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higher test scores more likely to enroll in college reduce achievement gaps more diversity/integration |
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Why and when did the problems shift fromequality of schools to the excellence of schools?
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when school choice was developed, gave those stuck in worse schools the opprotunity to go to better schools, better education=better chance of getting ahigher education |
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race is a _____________- |
social construction |
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conceptualizations of race |
biological: skin color, hair color sociological: meaning of race given concrete expression by social relations and historical concept |
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institutional racism |
maintenance of racial disparities through government |
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color blind racism |
reverse racism, reject idea that race has no determining factor |
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scientific racism |
incorrect use of empirical method to justify assumptions of racial superiority and inferiority |
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multicultural view vs transcendent view |
multi-various racial and ethnic groups understand what it means to be American by maintaining distinct cultural identities "melting pot trans- maintenance of cultural identities diminishes common values and beliefs that make all americans and promotes intergroup conflict |
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what does racial categorization question measure on census |
ones sense of self racial categories that are imposed |
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who identifies as multiracial |
those who are categorized as minority willingness to self identify as multiracial varies depending on racial mix |
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colorism |
tendency to percieve or behave toward members of a racial category based on lightness or darkness of skin |
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primary vs secondary marginalization |
primary: based on racial classes, in opposition to white secondary: based on skin color |
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skin color paradox |
evidence suggests persons political behaviors connected to social and eco standing hypo: dark skinned blacks will percieve more discrim, feel more alienated finding: differences in skin color in aa hardly associated with differences in political attitudes |
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racial idenity |
emotional attatchment to concept of being a certain race and others who share same label |
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seeing world through racial lense |
acutely aware of others race in social setting, define own interests in light of situtation of other race, |
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assimilation |
complex process in which immigrants fully integrate themselves into a new country |
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reasons for asian american emigration |
economic and political turmoil recruiting for hawaiian plantations |
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takao ozawa vs united states |
japanese man wanted to be naturalized, he was yellow therefore not caucasian or white |
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us vs bhagat singh thind |
thind was caucasian because he was aryan but not white as commonly understood by whites |
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racial threat |
belief that asian americans are alien and cannot be integrated into american society and are a menace |
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political participation |
voting, working on campaign, contirbutions, attending a protest, donor, community problem solver, volunteering |
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disenfranchisement |
being denied a right or a privelege (gerrymandering poll tax, literacy tests) |
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pros and cons of racial gerrymandering |
pros: guarantees a seat for racial minority capitalizes on segregation patterns in cities cons: reduction in voter turnout republican gains, impact on policy |
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collective action |
process of individuals coming together and agreeing to act in ways considered mutually beneficial |
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ingroup/outgroup |
people who share a common identity those percieved different my ingroup |
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ingroup bias |
tendency to favor ones own group |
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values and attitudes |
values: beliefs attududes: opinions |
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implicit racial attitudes |
subconsciously held negative biases or prejudicial feeilngs about other groups |
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explicit racial attitudes |
hold racially prejudicial racist views against other groups subconciously |
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racial divide |
significant difference in views by racial groups on topics related to crime, justice, discrimination, and disparities |
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narrative script |
coherent sequence of events expected by an individual invovling him/her either as particiapt or observer |
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new racism |
denial that discrimination against african americans continues sense that blacks have violated tradictional american values of hard worka nd self reliance blacks make illegitimate demands blacks recieve undeserved benefits from the government |
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how the poor became black |
black migration from south to north increases in number of black families on aid to families with dependent children |
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descriptive representation |
relationship built around particular characterisitcs requires ability to know what descriptors are |
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why are racial minorities underrepresented in government |
problem: distribution of minoirites in geogrphic space-------------->solution: create majority minority districts costs of election----------------> new american leaders project, vote run lead electoral systems in place---------------->voting rights act racism/bias against minorities-------------> elect more minority candidates |
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phases of descriptive representation |
phase 1: direct involvment in crm, elected before 1989 repped majority black district race based campaign phase 2: direct knowlege crm, not involved after 1989 deracialized campaign, racially heterogenous district phase 3: after crm, after 1995, deracialized campaign, racially hetergenous district |
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substantive rep |
insituational outputs----> legislative policies acting in interested of represented, in a manner responsive to them |
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symbolic representation |
feelings of inclusion bonds of turst perceptions of government as more legitimate doesnt require changes in policly |
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1917 barred zone |
anti asian movement moved in direction of greater restrictions on asians |
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2 myths of pan ethnic label |
model minority: hardworking, smart, role models racial threat: belief theyre aleien and cant be integrated into society, |
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voting rights act 1965 |
section 2: made illegal voting arrangements that deny or abridge minority right to vote section 4: imposed literacy test, poll tax, section 5: covered jurisdictions need fed approval for changes in laws that might effect voting |
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when was the voting rights act extended to language minorities |
1975 |
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section 2: |
nationwide znd permanent |
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section 5 |
challenges foundational federalism |
