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555 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is "Analysis"?
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The task, tools, and techniques to elicit requirements, determine requirements within scope, and ensure the product development team can act to satisfy
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What is "Analysis"?
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The task, tools, and techniques to elicit requirements, determine requirements within scope, and ensure the product development team can act to satisfy
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What is the goal of the "Analysis" domain?
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To have product requirements that are approved, within scope, and suitable for development
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What are the themes of the "Analysis" domain?
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- Progressive Elaboration- Scope and Value- Models
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The BA will facilitate recommendations and decisions on product scope requirements that are needed to satisfy the ___.
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Scope
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Which domain will you find all of the requirements modeling techniques?
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Analysis
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What do requirements model lead to?
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Better analysis, by providing additional insights to the requirements
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___ facilitate communication by providing a visual representations of the requirements.
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Models
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What are the tasks of the Analysis domain?
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- Elicit Requirements- Analyze, decompose, and elaborate requirements- Evaluate product options and capabilities- Allocate Requirements- Get Requirements Sign-off- Write Requirements Specifications- Validate Requirements- Elaborate and Specify Acceptance Criteria
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What is the mnemonic for the tasks of the Analysis domain?
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EACASSVA (Everything as calm as singing saints visualizing acceptance)
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What is the definition of the task "Elicit Requirements"?
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Elicit or identify requirements, using individual and group elicitation techniques in order to discover and capture requirements with support details (e.g. origin, rationale)
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What is the definition of the task "Analyze, Decompose, and Elaborate Requirements"?
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Analyze, decompose, and elaborate requirements using techniques in order to collaboratively uncover and clarify product options and capabilities
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What is the definition of the task "Evaluate Product Options and Capabilities"?
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Collaborate on the development of project goals and objectives by providing clarification of business needs and solution scope in order to align the product with the organization's goals and objectives
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What is the definition of the task "Allocate Requirements"?
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Allocate accepted or deferred requirements by balancing scope, schedule, budget, and resource constraints with the value proposition in order to create a requirements baseline
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What is the definition of the task "Get Requirements Signoff"?
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Obtain sign-off on requirements baseline using decision-making techniques in order to facilitate stakeholder consensus and achieve stakeholder approval
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What is the definition of the task "Write Requirements Specifications"?
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Write requirements specifications using process, data and interface details in order to communicate requirements that are measurable and actionable (i.e. suitable for development)
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What is the definition of the task "Validate Requirements"?
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Validate requirements using tools and techniques in order to ensure requirements are complete, accurate and aligned with goals, objectives, and value proposition
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What is the definition of the task "Elaborate and Specify Acceptance Criteria"?
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Elaborate and specify detailed metrics and acceptance criteria using measurement tools and techniques for use in evaluating whether the solution meets requirements
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True of False: Elicitation means to collect or gather requirements
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FALSE. Elicitation is the process of calling forth or drawing out requirements
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True or False: Stakeholder usually have the actual requirements that you will need
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FALSE. They often do not, but do they have wants and needs
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True or False: Part of a BA's responsibilities is to help stakeholder define the problem or opportunity
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TRUE. BAs are also responsible for helping to determine what should be done to address it
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"Draw Out" is a synonym for what?
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Elicit
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What is the process for conducting Elicitation?
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Plan, Prepare, Conduct, Document, Complete
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What is the mnemonic for the iterative process steps of elicitation?
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PPCDC (Plan politically correct documented comments)
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Plans for elicitation are meant to be __ and ___.
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Iterative and adaptive
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What are some of the elements to include in an elicitation plan?
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- What information to elicit- Where to find that information- How to obtain the information- Sequencing the elicitation activities
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What are the benefits of a well thought out elicitation approach?
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- Fewer unnecessary elicitation activities- More valuable results for each activity- More efficient and predictable use of stakeholder time for elicitation- Better overall focus on the elicitation process- Clearer of the necessary information to define a problem, affect an improvement, or produce a solution
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In which document does the documentation of the elicitation plan included?
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Requirements Management Plan
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Preparation for each elicitation event may be __ or __
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Formal or informal
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Preparing for elicitation includes what two things?
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- Organizing and scheduling resources for conducting requirements elicitation- Detailed schedules for participants, locations, and other resources
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Who typically participates in elicitation?
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Stakeholders, users, SMEs
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True or False: multiple elicitation techniques work the best for uncovering all of the requirements
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TRUE. You would typically not use just one elicitation technique
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Why is it important to plan for elicitation activities?
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- To clarify objectives and desired results- Schedule all resources including people, facilities & equipment- To determine ground rules for event-based elicitation activities
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__ __ can be used to measure the progress achieved in a session against what was planned to be achieved
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Preparation notes
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What sections might be included in Elicitation Preparation notes?
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Objective, List of Participants, Questions
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BAs must be certain to include __ defined stakeholders during requirements elicitation
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ALL
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What is requirements elicitation highly dependent on?
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- The stakeholders' knowledge- Their willingness to participate in defining requirements- The group's ability to reach consensus
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What are "Ground Rules"?
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Agreed-upon rules of conduct among the participants of an event-based elicitation activity. Ground rules help the facilitator enforce discipline and keep the elicitation on track
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During elicitation, __ __ helps the facilitator enforce discipline and keep things on track
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Ground Rules
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Whose responsibility is it to enforce discipline in an elicitation event?
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Facilitator
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What is Event-based Elicitation?
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Elicitation that involves dynamic interaction between participants
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What are the types of event-based elicitation techniques?
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- Brainstorming- Focus Groups- Interviews- Observation, - Prototypes- Requirements Workshops
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Brainstorming, Interviews, and Requirements Workshops are examples of what type of elicitation?
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Event-based
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What are the stages for conducting elicitation?
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1) Introduction 2) Body 3) Close 4) Follow-up
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Each elicitation session should start with an ___
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Introduction
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What is the purpose of including an introduction in elicitation activities?
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To set the tone, build rapport, and set expectations
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What should be communicated in the introduction of an elicitation activity?
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Meeting purpose, objectives, agenda, and process (and ground rules, if event-based)
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What does the "body" stage of elicitation include?
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Asking questions and getting answers
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What types of questions can be asked during elicitation?
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Open-ended, Close-ended, Contextual, Context-free
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What is an "open-ended" question?
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A question to which the response will be free-flowing with limitless possibilities
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What is a "close-ended" question?
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A question to which there will be a single response from a limited number of choices
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What is a "contextual" question?
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A question that is related to the topic at hand, namely the solution under development
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What is a"context-free" question?
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A question that can be about anything, even outside the context of the solution
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What will drive the mix of questions types that will be used to elicit requirements?
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The type of elicitation event. E.G. surveys work best with close-ended questions, whereas interviews work best with open-ended questions to drive discussion and discovery
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Proper ___ will ensure that all stakeholders have an opportunity to participate in the discussion and have their ideas heard
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Facilitation
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Who is responsible for facilitating business analysis elicitation activities?
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Business Analyst
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When facilitating an event-based elicitation activity, it is important that the facilitator ensure what?
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That all stakeholders have the opportunity to be heard, and their their ideas aren't drowned out by those who have a tendency to dominate or over-contribute
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Event-based elicitation activities require what type of skill to facilitate?
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Active Listening
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What additional type of cues should be business analyst be watching for when conducting elicitation?
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Non-verbal cues; these will help determine if there may be an opportunity to probe for more
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What is the purpose of the closing stage in elicitation?
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To gracefully terminate the elicitation session
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The closing of an elicitation event should include what?
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Summary of results and finding of the event, along with next steps to set expectations
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After closing an elicitation event, what is the next step?
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Follow-up
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What is the purpose of following up after an elicitation event?
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To validate stated requirements and concerns, and to ensure they match stakeholders' understanding.
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In addition to validation of stated requirements, follow-up after elicitation also gives the BA the opportunity to do what?
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Schedule any additional follow-up with groups or individuals until satisfied that all requirements have been captured
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When should stakeholder concerns be recorded?
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Documenting Elicitation Results
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True or False: Specific techniques will not dictate the type of documentation produced
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FALSE. Specific techniques will dictate what will be produced
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What are the three possible types of documenting elicitation results?
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Written Documents, Recordings, Whiteboards
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When requirements are elicited and documented, they should also be added to what artifact?
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Requirements Traceability Matrix
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What does it mean to "Complete Elicitation" in a predictive approach?
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When the process of elicitation and analysis produces no further questions, or when the risk of problems due to incomplete information is determined to be acceptable
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What does it mean to "Complete Elicitation" when using an adaptive approach?
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Elicitation and analysis occurs throughout the project as part of the initial back, rooming, and analyzing in details for each iteration
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What are some factors that may cause challenges when eliciting requirements?
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- Conflicting viewpoints and needs- Conflicting information and different requirements- Stakeholders who are resistant to change and sabotage efforts- Stakeholder availability- Stakeholder inability to express needs- Inability of stakeholders to refrain from focusing on a solution
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What types of techniques are used to elicit requirements?
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Business Rules Analysis, Elicitation
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Which business rules techniques are used in the task "Elicit Requirements"?
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- Decision Table- Decision Tree- Business Rule CAtalog
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Which elicitation techniques are used in the task "Elicit Requirements"?
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Brainstorming, document analysis, facilitated workshops, focus groups, interviews, non-functional requirements, observation, prototypes, research, surveys and questionnaires
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Interviews, Observation, prototypes, and research are examples of what when used in elicitation?
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Techniques
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What is the output of the task "Elicit Requirements"?
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Elicited Requirements
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True or False: One requirements have been elicited, they are ready for the team
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FALSE. Elicited requirements are NOT yet ready for the team. This is where the analysis begins!
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What is the purpose of the task "Analyze, Decompose, and Elaborate Requirements"?
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To take elicited requirements through analysis so they may be used to create a complete list of product requirements that are "suitable for development"
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Examine, Study, Question are synonyms for what?
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Analyze
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What are all of hte possible synonyms for the word "Analyze"?
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Examine, study, investigate, scrutinize, evaluate, consider, question, explore
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What is the definition of the term "decompose"?
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Divide and subdivide into smaller, more manageable parts
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What is the definition of the term "Elaborate"?
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To give more details about something. To discuss something more fully.
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What are the considerations for the task "Analyze, Decompose, and Elaborate Requirements"?
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Text, Matrix, Models, NOtations, Formal vs Informal, Capture Requirements Attributes, Improvement Opportunities
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Declarative statements, business rules, and feature lists are examples of what way documenting requirements?
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Text
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Text requirements need to articulate what?
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- The capabilities of the solution- Any conditions that must be met for the requirements to be valid- Any constraints that may prevent the requirement from being fulfilled
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True or False: Requirements should only be documented one at a time
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TRUE. Do not include compound requirements
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What are some of the guidelines for documenting text requirements?
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- Document one requirement at a time- Use simple working and avoid complicated clauses- Assume no domain knowledge by the reader- Use consistent terminology- Use verb or verb phrases- Use active voice, describing who or what is responsible for fulfilling each requirement- Use familiar terminology for reviewing stakeholders- Do not use ambiguous or unclear terms
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What type of document is used for information that cross-references other information?
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Matrix
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Traceability is best and most commonly expressed in what format?
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Matrix
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A ___ is a template of standard symbols to document requirements, which could include other elements of diagrams, text, and matrices
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Model
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What is another term for a graphical model?
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Diagram
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What are some examples of types of models?
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Process, data, use case, organizational
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Why would models be used in addition to other formats of requirements?
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To look at the business area from different perspectives in order to give complete coverage
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The choice of models selected is dependent on what?
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The information to be captured, and the audience who needs the information
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What do models help uncover?
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Ambiguities
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One advantage of using models for documenting requirements is what?
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Clarifying requirements
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What are "notations"?
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Models that use standard symbols to represent actions, decisions, hierarchies, components, and their relationships
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When using a notation, what should you be sure to include?
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A Key
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UML, BPMN, RML, an dSysML are examples of what type?
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Specific modeling languages (notations)
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What is the difference between formal and informal models?
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Formal models use standard symbols whereas informal model lack the structure of formal ones
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When should the requirements attributes be planned for?
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Plan REquirements Traceability
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True or False: a BA should look for and note business areas that could be improved
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TRUE. The is the business analyst's responsibility
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What areas should a BA analyze to look for opportunities of improvement?
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- Automate or simplify workflow- Improve access to information- Reduce complexity of interfaces- Increase consistency of behavior- Eliminate redundancy
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What type of techniques are used in the task "Elicit Requirements"?
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- Analytic- Business Rules- Data Analysis- Interface Analysis- Process Analysis
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What "analytic" techniques are used to elicit requirements?
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Decomposition, Dependency Analysis, Gap Analysis, Impact Analysis, Progressive Elaboration, Risk Analysis
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What "Business rule" techniques are used to elicit requirements?
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Business rule catalog, decision table, decision tree
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What "Data Analysis" techniques are used to elicit requirements?
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Data dictionary, data flow diagram, data models, state diagrams and tables
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What "Interface Analysis" techniques are used to elicit requirements?
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Interoperability, prototypes, report table, storyboarding, system interface table, user interface flow, wireframes and display-action-response
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What "Process Analysis" techniques are used to elicit requirements?
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CRUD matrix, data flow diagrams, dependency graphs, events, process models, sequence diagrams, use cases, user stories
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What is the output of the task "Analyze, Decompose, and Elaborate Requirements"?
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Requirements, analyzed
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What is the purpose of the task "Evaluate Product Options & Capabilities"?
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To determine if requirements are in scope in order to avoid spending time on requirements that will not be approved for further development
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True or False: all requirements need to contribute to addressing the original business need
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TRUE. Requirements that do not align to this should be be considered in scope
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Have a clear __ __ as defined in Needs Assessment will help the BA to ensure the requirements align with the original business need
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Product Scope
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What is "Scope Creep"?
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The uncontrolled expansion to product or project scope without adjustment to time, cost, and resources
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Scope ___ is a major contributor to project challenges by adding work without adding time or resources to support it
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Creep
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True or False: Often when added work does not provide value or contribute to the success of the project
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TRUE. Scope creep often does not add value or support the original business need
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What are the considerations for the task "Evaluate Product Options & Capabilities"?
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- Product Scope- Accepted Requirements- Deferred Requirements- Rejected Requirements- Status
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During which domain is a decision made about what features, functions, and capabilities will be needed in order to satisfy the business need?
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Needs Assessment
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What is the best defense against scope creep?
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A clearly defined and articulated product scope
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Staying focused on ___ greatly heightens probably of project success
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Scope
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What does it mean when requirements are accepted?
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That they have been determined to meet the condition or capability truly needed in order for the solution to meet the original business need
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What is a measure for determining accepted requirements?
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The cost of implementing the requirement does not exceed the value it will bring to the successful implementation of the solution
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What may cause requirements to be deferred?
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- When immediate implementation is not required- When the requirement adds value, but the cost cannot be justified- When it can be done in a later project phase after the initial release
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What does it mean when a requirement is rejected?
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It does not align with the product scope and does not contribute to solving the business need
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True or False: Rejected requirements may be resurrected in a new business case to support future projects
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TRUE. The requirement may not meet the scope of the current project, but may be revisited later
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What is the purpose of capturing status of requirements?
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Communicating requirements status and providing transparency into the decision-making process
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Which type of techniques are used in "Evaluat Product Options & Capabilities"?
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Decision-making, Valuation
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Which decision-making techniques are used in the task "Evaluate Product Options & Capabilities"?
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- Consensus building- Delphi technique- Multi-voting- Nominal Group Technique- Options Analysis- Weighted Criteria
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Which valuation techniques are used in the task "Evaluate Product Options & Capabilities"?
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- Cost-benefit Analysis- Force Field Analysis- Kano Model- Net Promoter Score- Purpose Alignment Model- SWOT Analysis- Value Stream Map
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What is the output of "Evaluate Product Options & Capabilities"?
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REquirements, accepted, rejected, or deferred
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What is the purpose of the task "Allocate Requirements"?
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To allocate requirements in order to create a requirements baseline
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What will be contained in the proposed baseline?
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A recommended allocation of requirements by solution components or related phase for implementation
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When is the baseline set?
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Not until after sign-off
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What are the considerations for Allocating Requirements?
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Prioritize, dependencies, allocated requirements
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What criteria might be used to prioritize requirements for allocation?
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Value, cost, difficulty of implementation, regulatory, risk
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Why is important to prioritize requirements for allocation?
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To focus on the most important and critical requirements, and to determine which should be analyzed and implemented first
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What is prioritization?
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A process of ranking requirements relative to each other, using criteria of importance to the stakeholder
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True or False: All requirements are created equal
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FALSE. NOT all requirements are created equal. It is up the BA to help determine the priority of requirements.
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Who is responsible for determining the criteria to be used in prioritizing requirements for allocation?
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Business Analysis, along with the PM and Project Sponsor
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How is business value used to help determine priority of requirements?
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Using a cost-benefit analysis to judge a requirement value
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How is Cost used to prioritize requirements?
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Priority is decided based on financial or opportunity cost
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How is Difficulty used to prioritize requirements?
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Easier requirements may be implemented first to learn about the product at a lower risk
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How are Regulatory concerns used to prioritize requirements?
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When compliance issues or demands are placed on an organization
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True or False: Regulatory requirements are likely to be prioritized over internal priorities
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TRUE. These are external requirements, and may take priority due to financial penalties or other negative consequences of not meeting the requirements
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How is Risk used to prioritize requirements?
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Selects requirements based on the highest risk to focus on them first
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How does using Risk as a prioritization factor help?
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Ensures that if the risks materialize, they are discovered early, usually at a lower cost
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What challenges may be faced in prioritizing requirements?
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Non-negotiable demands and unrealistic trade-offs
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What is the a "non-negotiable demand"?
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When stakeholders rank everything a high priority, or have trouble making choices (don't understand importance of or how to make tradeoffs)
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What is an "unrealistic tradeoff"?
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Overestimating by the solution builders of the complexity or difficulty of implementing that unduly influences prioritization
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What document should include the plan for prioritization?
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Requirements Management Plan
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Who leads the effort to get resolution to requirements prioritization issues?
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Business Analyst
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Focusing on project ___ and __ can often offer resolution to issues of requirements prioritization
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Scope and Objectives
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To whom should continued conflicts in requirements priority be escalated?
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Project Sponsor
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True or False: escalations to the project sponsor about requirement priority should be at the detailed level
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FALSE. Discussion about priority conflicts should be at the high-level with the Project Sponsor
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Why is it important to record dependencies and inter-relationships between requirements?
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It helps to plan the order of analyzing and developing a solution and to allocate requirements effectively
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What are requirements allocated to?
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Solution components, specific releases (or phases), or a combination of both
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What is a "component"?
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A segment or part of a solution that may be technical or non-technical
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True or False: typical solutions include only single components
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FALSE: Most solutions include multiple components, each having several requirements
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What are the considerations for allocating requirements making tradeoffs?
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- Available resources- Constraints of the solution- Dependencies between requirements
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What does release planning facilitate?
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Decision-making involved in allocating requirements
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What are the factors that guide release planning?
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- Overall project budget- Time constraints- REsource constraints- Training schedule- Ability for the business to absorb changes in a certain timeframe
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Where should allocation decisions be captured?
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Requirements Traceability Matrix
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What types of techniques are used to Allocate Requirements?
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Decision-making, Prioritization, and Valuation
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What prioritization techniques are used when allocating requirements?
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- High, Medium, Low- MoSCoW- Multi-voting- Weighted Criteria
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What is the output of the task "Allocated Requirements"?
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Requirements, allocated
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Allocation information should be recorded in what artifact?
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Requirements Traceability Matrix
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What is the purpose of the task "Get Requirements Signoff"?
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To obtain sign-off on the requirements baseline using decision-making techniques in order to facilitate stakeholder consensus and achieve stakeholder approval
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What is a "Requirements Baseline"?
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The approved version of requirements for implementation by the project team
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What does sign-off of requirements indicate?
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Approval
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True or False: the requirements sign-off process will be the same on every project
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FALS. It may vary from project to project
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How are requirements signed off on in an agile environment?
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The product backlog is used to indicate approved and prioritized user stories.
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Which document indicates who should be involve din requirements sign-off?
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Requirements Management Plan
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What are the considerations for obtaining REquirements sign-off?
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Stakeholder approval and Requirements conflicts
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Requirements that are complete, accurate, and understandable are likely to be ___
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Approved
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What may dictate the sign-off format and documentation of requirements approvals?
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Organizational standards
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True or False: Requirements approvals can be verbal, written, or electronic, according to organizational standards and preferences
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TRUE. Sign-off may be given in the way indicated in the requirements management plan
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True or False: different sections of the requirement may need to be approved by different stakeholders
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TRUE. EAch section may have a different approver.
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When creating a requirements package, it is a good practice to create a list of non-___ requirements
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Authorized
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Requirements must be __-__ before they are considered approved and finished
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Signed-off
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Who is responsible for resolving requirements conflicts?
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Business Analyst
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What must a BA understand in order to gain consensus among stakeholders?
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The source of conflict, and helping stakeholders focus on the project objectives and goals
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Who has ultimate authority for requirements sign-off?
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Project Sponsor
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If a requirements conflict occurs and cannot be resolved, who should be consulted?
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Project Sponsor
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When escalating issues, the BA should always be prepared with a list of ___ that support the project's goals and objectives
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Recommendations
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What type of techniques are used in the task "Requirements Sign-off"?
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Decision-making
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What is the output of the task "Requirements Sign-off"?
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Requirements Baseline, Approved
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What is the purpose of the task "Write Requirements Specifications"?
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To write the requirements using process, data, and interface details in order to communicate requirements that are measurable and actionable (suitable for development)
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Even once requirements are baselined, they still may not be what?
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Suitable for development
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|
In order to bring their requirements to a state where they are suitable for use, the BA must __ ___ in order to provide more specificity
|
Progressively Elaborate
|
|
|
What are the considerations for the task "Write Requirements Specification"?
|
User Interactions, Project Approach
|
|
|
Specifications should focus on the __ of the solution with the user, and the ___ of data throughout a process
|
Interaction, transformation
|
|
|
True or False: Requirements often take the form of User Interface specifications
|
TRUE. They provide requirements that are "measurable and actionable"
|
|
|
Which role will need to observe the expected behavior of the system in order to confirm the requirement has been met?
|
Tester
|
|
|
Which approach relies on user stories as a form of specifications?
|
Adaptive (agile)
|
|
|
In adaptive approaches, who determines what level of requirements specification is needed?
|
The Team
|
|
|
What activity is often used in adaptive projects to determine the level of requirements specificity needed?
|
JAC (Joint Application Development) session
|
|
|
What types of tools are used for the task "Write Requirements Specification"?
|
Data Analysis, Interace Analysis, Process Analysis
|
|
|
What process analysis techniques are used when writing requirements specifications?
|
- CRUD Matrix- Data Flow Diagrams- Dependency Graphs- Events- Process Models- Sequence Diagrams- Use Cases- User STories
|
|
|
What is the output of the task "Write Requirements Specification"?
|
Requirements Specifications
|
|
|
Requirements specifications should have the sufficient level of detail to do what?
|
Design, develop and test to confirm requirements have been satisfied
|
|
|
What is the purpose of the task "Validate Requirements"?
|
To make sure that a product, service, or result meets the needs of the stakeholders
|
|
|
What are the considerations for the task "Validate Requirements"?
|
- Identify Assumption- Define Measurable Evaluation Criteria- Determine Business Value- Determine Dependencies for Benefit REalization- Evaluate alignment with business case and opportunity cost
|
|
|
Part of validating requirements is to align them with the business needs to ensure they provide __ __
|
Business Value
|
|
|
__ may be a risk and should be managed as such
|
Assumptions
|
|
|
True or False: In order to evaluate the value and benefits of a solution, it may be necessary to make assumptions
|
TRUE. This may be necessary.
|
|
|
True or False: measurement criteria must be included in the business case
|
FALSE. They may not be included, in which case the BA will need to define measures to determine the benefits of implementing the solution
|
|
|
Stakeholders need to feel __ that what they are validating will have the benefit and that it can be measured
|
Confident
|
|
|
Value can be either __ or __
|
Objective or Subjective
|
|
|
What is an example of objective value?
|
Cost or time savings
|
|
|
What is an example of subjective value?
|
Increased Morale
|
|
|
True or False: Stakeholders will likely not validate requirements if they don't produce value, unless other requirements that will deliver value are dependent on them
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Some requirements are __ because they enable others
|
Necessary
|
|
|
If requirements are value, but not aligned with business case, they should be considered for __ from the solution
|
Removal
|
|
|
Requirements that have business value, but are not aligned with the business case may justify what?
|
A separate business case
|
|
|
All requirements must be __ back to the business case
|
Traceable
|
|
|
What is "Opportunity Cost"?
|
The loss of value by not using project funds to achieve some other objective
|
|
|
What types of techniques are used in the task "Validate Requirements"?
|
Validation, Verification
|
|
|
What are the verification techniques used in Validating Requirements?
|
- Desk Checking- Inspection- Peer Review- Test- Walk-through
|
|
|
What is the output of the task "VAlidate REquirements"?
|
REquirements, Validated
|
|
|
What is the purpose of the task "Elaborate and Specify Acceptance Criteria"?
|
Answering the question: "is the solution ready for deployment"?
|
|
|
What does it mean to specify acceptance criteria?
|
To identify and articulate how stakeholders will determine that the solution is ready for use
|
|
|
What is the task "Elaborate and Specify Acceptance Criteria' NOT about?
|
Evaluating the project (processes, schedule, and budget)
|
|
|
What are the considerations for the task Elaborate and Specify Acceptance Criteria"?
|
Factors for Acceptance
|
|
|
What are "Acceptance Criteria"?
|
A set of conditions that must be met before the deliverables are accepted
|
|
|
The decision about whether to accept a deliverable and the criteria represent the ___ level that a solution must meet
|
Minimum
|
|
|
True or False: Acceptance criteria is likely already __ in existing project documentation.
|
Evident
|
|
|
What may be a good source to look for acceptance criteria?
|
KPIs
|
|
|
Where else might acceptance criteria be found?
|
Used cases or user stories
|
|
|
What do Planguage and SLAs have in common?
|
They provide specific expected measures of product expectations such as availability, response time, and support expectations
|
|
|
Acceptance Criteria may also be described as what?
|
Overall acceptance that the solution is ready for implementation and the business can anticipate the solution will meet expected outcomes
|
|
|
True or False: Acceptance Criteria is about specific requirements or defecTS
|
FALSE. a system may be implemented with known issues and still meet the objectives of the project
|
|
|
True or False: Acceptance Criteria is about meeting project metrics
|
FALSE. A solution may be implemented on time and budget, but not be ready to meet the objectives of hte project
|
|
|
Establishing acceptance criteria helps keep __ on achieving business results
|
Focus
|
|
|
Acceptance Criteria are instrumental in which other domain?
|
Evaluation
|
|
|
What types of techniques are used in the task "Elaborate and Specify Acceptance Criteria"?
|
Measurement, VAlidation
|
|
|
What measurement techniques are used in the task "Elaborate and Specify Acceptance Criteria"?
|
- Metrics & KPIs- SLAs- Planguage
|
|
|
What is the output of the task "Elaborate and Specify Acceptance Criteria"?
|
Acceptance Criteria, elaborated
|
|
|
The acceptance criteria will be used to determine what?
|
The readiness of the solution for implementation
|
|
|
True or False: Elicitation is the same thing as collecting or gathering requirements
|
False. It's more than that, because it implies stakeholders already have requirements.
|
|
|
True or False: Requirements are ready and waiting in the stakeholder's minds.
|
False. Stakeholders may not have actual requirements, but often have needs and wants.
|
|
|
True or False: It is the BA's responsibility to help stakeholders define the problem or opportunity and determine what should be done to address it
|
True. The elicitation process helps facilitate this work
|
|
|
What is a core input for business analysis work?
|
Results of elicitation
|
|
|
Elicitation results become the basis to complete what other business analysis tasks?
|
Support executive decision-making, apply influence, assist in negotiation, resolve conflict, define problems
|
|
|
True or False: BAs have vested authority
|
False. They do not, therefore, they should use their influence in order to get things done
|
|
|
__ is more successful when it is backed with information that supports the goal
|
Influence
|
|
|
The BA should elicit information and motivations of __ sies in conflict negotiation
|
ALL
|
|
|
True or False: conflict in business is usually the result of misinformation or assumptions based on a lack of information
|
True. This is often the case, and conflict is also resolved using information
|
|
|
What can failure to elicit enough information result in?
|
Erroneous conclusions and increased number of assumptions
|
|
|
True or False: eliciting too much information can hinder a team's ability to move forward
|
True. The art of elicitation is to obtain enough information to validate requirements and confirm the team is delivering the right solution
|
|
|
What are some benefits of a well-thought out elicitation approach?
|
- Fewer unnecessary elicitation activities- More valuate results from elicitation session- More efficient and predictable use of stakeholder time- Better overall focus on the entire elicitation process- Clearer idea of the necessary information to define a problem, affect an improvement, or produce a solution
|
|
|
What does a BA use to help formulate ideas about how to structure elicitation activities?
|
Elicitation Plan
|
|
|
True or False: the Elicitation Plan is formal
|
False, it's informal and can be quick to create
|
|
|
What are the two things a BA needs to think about when forming their elicitation plan?
|
How best to coordinate, and how to conduct elicitation across a project
|
|
|
What are some considerations when creating an elicitation plan?
|
What information to elicit, where to find the information, how to obtain it, and sequencing elicitation activities
|
|
|
What are some sources of information?
|
Individuals, Models, other document references
|
|
|
True or False: it's a good practice to try to identify at least two sources for each topic during elicitation
|
True. This helps avoid proposing a requirement or solution based on the opinion of a single source
|
|
|
What is a formal elicitation method?
|
One that is planned and structured
|
|
|
What is an informal elicitation method?
|
One that is typically unplanned and/or unstructured
|
|
|
True or False: dependencies may constrain the timing of elicitation activities
|
True; some information is necessary before other information can be understood
|
|
|
What are the steps used to prepare for elicitation?
|
- Determine the objectives- Determine the participants- Determine the Questions for the Session
|
|
|
The __ is the reason why the elicitation activity is being undertaken
|
Objective
|
|
|
Each elicitation session should provide some __ to justify the time it takes to obtain the information
|
Value
|
|
|
The results of __ __ can be used when selecting participants to invite to an elicitation session
|
Stakeholder Analysis
|
|
|
True or False: it may be appropriate to limit elicitation time with executives
|
True, as compared to other end users. Schedule as appropriate for each stakeholder group
|
|
|
For which elicitation techniques would the BA probably want to prepare questions for in advance of the activity?
|
Interviews, focus groups, facilitated workshops, or other techniques used to elicit information directly from stakeholders
|
|
|
True or False: questions that move a session toward achieving the desired result should be avoid
|
ed
|
|
|
What practice helps groups make process in early elicitation sessions?
|
Starting with easy, non-threatening questions first, and saving challenging questions until the end
|
|
|
Introduction, Body, Close, and Follow-up describes the steps of what process?
|
Conducting Elicitation Activities
|
|
|
What is the introduction portion of elicitation activities meant to do?
|
Frame the session, set the tone, and build rapport with the participants
|
|
|
How is the introduction performed in elicitation activities?
|
By stating the problem and providing an overview of the session objectives
|
|
|
Framing up an introduction is a __ __ that causes participants to focus on the subject at hand
|
Cognitive technique
|
|
|
What is a "parking lot"?
|
A tool used to minimize sidetracking, derailing, or hijacking of the meeting by participants
|
|
|
In which portion of an elicitation session do a BA's soft skills come into play?
|
Body. This is the portion in which the BA elicits the primary information and achieves the objectives of the session
|
|
|
True or False: All questions for elicitation should be planned
|
False. The BA should have the ability to probe and dig further into details and adjust the direction of questions based on responses
|
|
|
Questions that allow respondents to answer questions in any way they desire are what?
|
Open-ended
|
|
|
Questions that call for a response from a limited list of answer choices are what?
|
Closed-ended
|
|
|
What are the three types of closed-ended questions?
|
Force choice, limited choice, confirmation
|
|
|
Questions that require an answer regarding the subject at hand are what?
|
Contextual
|
|
|
Questions that may be asked in any situation are what?
|
Context-free
|
|
|
True or False: Context-free questions can be used as lead-ins to obtain information to define the solution
|
TRUE
|
|
|
True or False: There is one right question that will provide the exact information that will generate the correct solution
|
False. In many cases, information that leads to the perfect solution arrives in pieces from many questions and many participants' responses
|
|
|
__ __ is the act of listening completely with all senses
|
Active Listening
|
|
|
Active listening involves suspending all __ about what is being heard so that information flows freely
|
Judgment
|
|
|
What is one of the goals of active listening?
|
To clear up discrepancies without raising the possibility of conflict
|
|
|
What is the purpose of the closing step of elicitation activities?
|
To wrap up the activity and focus on next steps, and thank participants for their time
|
|
|
What may result after the closing of an elicitation session?
|
As the BA analyzes the information, new questions may arise, ambiguities and contradictions surface, and previously clarity may return to vagueness
|
|
|
True or False: Questions that arise during an elicitation session may become materials to help structure the objectives for follow-up sessions
|
TRUE
|
|
|
What is the follow-up step of elicitation for?
|
To update any notes and obtain confirmation from participants on the information obtained.
|
|
|
What types of techniques should then BA used to lead elicitation participants through validate information for accuracy and completeness?
|
Collaboration
|
|
|
What are some benefits of providing an elicitation results summary?
|
- Opportunity to fully analyze the information received- Allows time to verify and clarify notes taken during the session- Uncovers any questions that should have been asked- REinforces to participants that their information is valuable- Gives participants a chance to respond to the summarization- Provides the opportunity get corrections or clarifications
|
|
|
What are the most common elicitation techniques used?
|
Brainstorming, document analysis, facilitated workshops, focus groups, interviews, observation, prototyping, questionnaires/surveys
|
|
|
True or False: brainstorming with a group will created greater output than by individually interviewing the same people
|
True, the output is often greater using this technique
|
|
|
What are some benefits of the document analysis technique in elicitation?
|
- Documented information tends to be more objective and information received from individuals- Documents may contain informatoin that no one person has- Provides more background and explanations than someone explaning the materials- Current documentation can be a good source of infromation regarding structures and capabilities of any product
|
|
|
What are the downsides of document analysis?
|
- Documents may not exist or be available- They may be out of date and provide erroneous information- There's a risk that previous system constraints or limitations will be documented as current business practices
|
|
|
What is another name for a Requirements Workshop?
|
Facilitated Workshop
|
|
|
A focused session that brings key cross-functional stakeholders together to define product requirements describes what technique
|
Requirements or Facilitated Workshop
|
|
|
Workshops are considered a primary technique for quickly defining __-__ ___ and reconciling stakeholder differences
|
Cross-functional Requirements
|
|
|
What can a well-facilitated workshop do?
|
Build trust, foster relationships, and improve communication among participants, leading to increased stakeholder consensus
|
|
|
True or False: workshops are expensive to run
|
True. They can be, considering the number of individuals involved and the time commitments required
|
|
|
What are the roles that would be important to have during a facilitated workshop?
|
Facilitator, Scribe, Participants, Workshop Owner
|
|
|
Focus groups bring together prequalified stakeholders and SMEs to learn about their __ and __ about a proposed product, service, or result
|
Expectation and Attitudes
|
|
|
True or False: focus group participants don't need to be prequalified
|
False. They do need to be prequalified to ensure they meet the desired or targeted representation
|
|
|
What technique allows participants to share ideas and build off of the feedback that is being shared among the group
|
Focus Groups
|
|
|
What types of things should a BA watch for from focus group participants?
|
Reactions, facial expressions, body language (in addition to the information being provided)
|
|
|
True or False: Focus groups are a suitable method for eliciting information about a problem domain
|
False.
|
|
|
Interviews works best under what conditions?
|
- Individuals are able to provide information on a variety of topics- Confidential or sensitive information needs to be discussed- Information needs to be acquired from an upper-level manager- the BA needs to probe deeply and needs unfettered access to the SME
|
|
|
An interview that begins with a list of prepared questions is what?
|
Structured
|
|
|
An interview that begins with a list of questions but naturally flows based on responses is what?
|
Unstructured
|
|
|
What is a synchronous interview?
|
One that is performed live or in real time
|
|
|
What is an asynchronous interview?
|
One not conducted in real time
|
|
|
What are some advantages of interviewing in person?
|
- Undivided attention of the interviewee- Ability to view body language and facial expressions- more comfortable setting for the interviewee
|
|
|
What are some disadvantages associated with virtual interviews?
|
- Multi-tasking resulting in lost information- Participants calling in from other locations & distractions- Lack of experience of interviewer & interviewee participating in virtual meetings- Equipment failure or poor performance of collaboration tools
|
|
|
When is observation a good choice for elicitation?
|
When the people have difficulty or are reluctant to articulate their requirements
|
|
|
What is another term for observation?
|
Job shadowing
|
|
|
What is a primary benefit of observation?
|
It can result in the transfer of a greater amount of unbiased, objective, real information about the problem domain than other forms of elicitation
|
|
|
What are the four types of observation?
|
Passive, Active, Participatory, Simulation
|
|
|
What is the main drawback of observation?
|
People act differently when they are being observed
|
|
|
From whom should validation be obtained from the results of observation?
|
The person who was being observed
|
|
|
What elicitation technique is tangible, and stakeholders are able to experiment and model with?
|
Prototyping
|
|
|
What is a drawback of prototyping?
|
It may not uncover all of the attributes or aspects of a complex solution
|
|
|
What is the key element to prototyping?
|
The iterative process of creating it, reviewing with stakeholders, making adjustments, and reviewing it again
|
|
|
What are the two types of prototypes?
|
Low-fidelity, high-fidelity
|
|
|
Wireframes, floor plans, and sketches are examples of what type of prototype?
|
Low-fidelity
|
|
|
What type of prototype is a representation of the final finished product that usable by the stakeholders?
|
High-fidelity
|
|
|
What are the type types of high-fidelity prototypes?
|
Evolutionary and Throw-away
|
|
|
Which type of high-fidelity prototype is discarded once the interface has been confirmed?
|
Throwaway
|
|
|
Which type of high-fidelity prototype is the actual finished product in process?
|
Evolutionary
|
|
|
What is storyboarding?
|
A prototyping technique showing sequence or navigation through a series of images
|
|
|
What is a wireframe?
|
A diagram representing a static blueprint or schematic of a user interface used to identify basic functionality
|
|
|
What elicitation technique would be appropriate to use when needing feedback from a large number of respondents representing a diverse population, and often dispersed over a wide geographical area?
|
Questionnaires/Surveys
|
|
|
What are the drawbacks of surveys?
|
- No opportunity for clarifications- Questions are often closed-ended- Response rate may not be significant enough to serve as a representative sample
|
|
|
What are some approaches to reducing risks with surveys?
|
- Determine the number of responses required- Analyze for skewed information upon survey completion- Share information with why it's important- Send out reminders to encourage and promote participation- Ask a manager to champion the effort to emphasize its importance
|
|
|
What is the primary result set from elicitation activities?
|
A set of notes comprise of a wealth of information for performing other business analysis tasks
|
|
|
Sketches, diagrams, models, flipcharts, sticky notes, or index cards are all outcomes of what?
|
Elicitation Activities
|
|
|
What is a typical business analysis quandary?
|
Determining when the elicitation stops and the analysis starts and for how long the work continues
|
|
|
When is elicitation and analysis complete?
|
When no further questions exist and the information is reduced down to a depiction of the solution to the business problem or wen the risk of problems emerging from the lack of complete information is considered to be acceptable
|
|
|
When does analysis occur in an adaptive project?
|
Through the project as part of defining the initial backlog, grooming the backlog, and analyzing details for each iteration
|
|
|
What are some signs that sufficient information has been elicited?
|
- Stakeholder approves the results- A dry run or successful prototype is completed- Objective has been reached- Solution has been identified- It takes longer to get answers out of some stakeholders
|
|
|
What are some common challenges with elicitation?
|
- Conflicting viewpoints and needs among different types of users- Conflicting information and resulting requirements from different business units- Unstated or assumed information- Stakeholders who are resistant to change and won't cooperate- Inability to schedule time because stakeholders can't get away from their work- Inability of stakeholders to express what they do or whey would like to do- Inability of stakeholders to refrain from focusing on a solution
|
|
|
What can a BA do when they cannot gain access to the right stakeholders?
|
Focus on the information, not the individual
|
|
|
Which project approach would be appropriate when stakeholders do not know what they want?
|
Adaptive, since it's preferred when there are changing customer needs or when stakeholders need to visualize the solution to further define requirements
|
|
|
How can a BA help stakeholders who are focused on the solution during elicitation?
|
Ask the stakeholders for help understanding the problem domain and focus their attention on the problem or opportunity
|
|
|
What is the best way to elicit when stakeholders are not providing sufficient detail?
|
Try using visual modeling techniques
|
|
|
What is the process of examining, breaking down, and synthesizing information to further understand it, complete it, and improve it?
|
Analysis
|
|
|
What is analysis used to do?
|
Provide structure to the requirements and related information
|
|
|
What should a BA think about when planning for analysis?
|
What techniques may be used, and when they should be used
|
|
|
True or False: the BA should be proficient in all of the analysis techniques
|
False. It is not likely that the BA will be proficient in every technique
|
|
|
Plans for analysis should be based on what?
|
Known Information
|
|
|
Which types of models would be best to help establish boundaries?
|
Visual
|
|
|
True or False: Elicitation and analysis are usually iterative
|
True. Analysis frequently provokes relevant and important questions, requiring more elicitation
|
|
|
What is the definition of a model?
|
A visual representation of information, both abstract and specific, that operates under a set of guidelines in order to efficiently arrange and convey a lot of information in a concise manner.
|
|
|
Diagrams, tables, or structure text are examples of what?
|
Models
|
|
|
What are some examples of things that can be modeled in business analysis?
|
Business objectives, requirements, business rules, design
|
|
|
Business models are helpful to identify what?
|
Gaps and extraneous information
|
|
|
Models provide __ to better understand and more clearly convey information
|
Context
|
|
|
True or False: Models help analysis become simple
|
True, relative to analyzing the information in pure text form
|
|
|
What are the categories of models?
|
Scope, process, rule, data, interface
|
|
|
What type of model that shows the structure and organization of features, functions, and boundaries of the business domain?
|
Scope models
|
|
|
What type of model describes business processes and ways in which stakeholders interact with those processes
|
Process models
|
|
|
Whyat type of model includes concepts and behaviors that define or constrain aspects of a business in order to enforce established business policies?
|
Rule models
|
|
|
What type of models document the data used in a process or system and its lifecycle?
|
Data models
|
|
|
What type of model assists in understanding specific systems and their relationships within a solution?
|
Interface models
|
|
|
What are some examples of scope models?
|
Context diagrams, ecosystem maps, feature models, org charts, decomposition
|
|
|
What are some examples of process models?
|
Process flow, use case, user story
|
|
|
What are some examples of rule models?
|
Business rules catalog, decision tree, decision table
|
|
|
What are some examples of data models?
|
ERD, data flow diagram, data dictionary, state table, state diagram
|
|
|
What are some examples of interface models?
|
Report table, system interface table, user interface flow, wireframes, display-action-response
|
|
|
True or False: it is unlikely that all models will be used on one project
|
False, but for most projects, more than one type of model will be used
|
|
|
True or False: choosing a tool for modeling is not difficult because there is only one correct choice
|
False. It's actually difficult because often there are multiple valid choices
|
|
|
What are some considerations when choosing a modeling technique?
|
Methodology, project characteristics, timing within the lifecycle, categories or models, level of abstraction
|
|
|
What project characteristics should be considered when choosing modeling techniques/
|
Business process, automation, custom development, COTS, cloud or Saas, data migration, workflow, mobile, hardware, software, number of users, analytics, reporting
|
|
|
True or False: all categories of models should be considered on every project
|
True. Models should be considered from all modeling categories
|
|
|
Which type of project would likely use data models, including a data dictionary and report tables?
|
Analytics Projects
|
|
|
True or False: if the project is agile, use cases will likely be used
|
False. User stories would be prefered over use cases in agile
|
|
|
Context diagrams, ecosystem maps, and high-level process flows are more likely to be completed when?
|
Early on in the project
|
|
|
State models, decision models, and user interface models would more likely be created when?
|
Later on in the project
|
|
|
Why is it helpful to use more than one model?
|
Multiple models complement one another and enable analysis of the project from different perspectives
|
|
|
What will cross-checking models against each other help find?
|
Gaps, unnecessary information, and potentially missing requirements
|
|
|
Business analysts use models to determine what is __ and __ so that the right requirements are created
|
Important and valuable
|
|
|
What does BPMN stand for?
|
Business process modeling notation
|
|
|
What does RML stand for?
|
Requirements modeling language
|
|
|
What does SysML stand for?
|
System modeling language
|
|
|
What does UML stand for?
|
Unified modeling language
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True or False: it's important to use a specific modeling standard
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False. What's important is that consistent syntax is used each time to avoid confusion
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Which types of models visually represent the value that supports feature prioritization and product scope management?
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Goal models and business objective models
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Which model can be used to justify budgets and reveal to executives exactly what they are receiving from a project?
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Business Objectives Model
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True or False: ecosystem maps match the architecture diagram of physical systems
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False. They show the relevant systems, relationships between them,and any data objects passed between them
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What are ecosystem maps used to understand?
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All systems that may be affected by or that will impact the in-scope systems
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Which modeling technique can help uncover possible interface or data requirements?
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Ecosystem map
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How is an ecosystem map different from a context diagram?
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Ecosystem diagrams may include interfaces and systems that the solution under analysis does not directly interact with
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What needs to accompany an ecosystem map?
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System interface tables
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Which data model shows all of the direct system and human interfaces to systems within a solution?
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Context diagram
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True or False: Context diagrams can be considered the highest level of a data flow diagram
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True. They are sometimes referred to as Level 0 of a data flow diagram
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What are some things context diagrams are useful for?
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- To specify the scope of the project, including interfaces- To determine where there could be interface or data requirements
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True or False: Context diagrams are easy to build and understand
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True, and they can also be used to document as-is and to-be states to assist with gap analysis
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True or False: Context diagrams do not specify requirements
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True, but they do summarize the product scope and related information that are analyzed to identify requirements
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Which model visually represents all of the feature of a solution arranged in tree or hierarchical structure?
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Feature Model
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How many levels will a feature model typically have?
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Three or fewer
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How are feature models helpful?
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To show how features are grouped together and which features are subfeatures of other ones
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What is a main benefit of feature models?
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The can display hundreds of features across different levels on a single page, representing an entire solution's feature set
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Which model shows all of the in-scope use cases for a system?
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Use Case Diagram
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What are some other names for process models?
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Swimlane diagrams, process maps, process diagrams, process flow charts
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Which types of models depict the tasks that people perform in their jobs?
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Process Models
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What do process models depict?
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The steps that a person or system takes to go through a process
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True or False: when process modeling, it's best to only show people OR systems (not both)
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True, in order to reduce context shifting for the reader
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What are process flows used to discover during analysis?
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Missing features or requirements
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True or False: Process modeling can be done during either elicitation or analysis
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TRUE
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Which model describes a set of scenarios?
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Use Case
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True or False: Use cases represent both functional and nonfunctional aspects of a system
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False. Use cases only represent the functional aspects, and do not include non-functional requirements
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True or False: Non-functional requirements generally apply to an entire system
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True, therefore, it may make sense for those requirements to be separately documented
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True or False: in a use case, a single stakeholder may be represented by only one role
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False. One stakeholder may be represented by multiple roles, mirroring the roles the stakeholder plays in the business
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True or False: in a use case, many stakeholders may be represented by a single role
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TRUE
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Which model would be a good choice when there are complex back and forth interactions between users and systems?
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Use Cases
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True or False: a Use Case Diagram is required when using use cases
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False, but it is a quick way to visually depict which actors are associated with multiple use cases and what the full scope of a use case is
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True or False: Use cases are standalone requirements
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False, they help identify functional and nonfunctional requirements
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True or False: User stories may only be used on adaptive projects
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False. Though this is more typical, user stories may be used under any methodology
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Which modeling technique provides a small, discrete piece of business value or function?
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User Stories
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What does the INVEST acronym stand for?
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Independent, negotiable, valuable, estimable, small, testable
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What accompanies a user story to confirm that the story is completed and working as expected?
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Acceptance criteria
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What is a story called when it is too large to be completed in a single iteration?
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An epic
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When should user stories be elaborated?
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When they get closer to to the top of the backlog
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What is the name of the process in which user stories are elaborated using relevant modeling techniques to generate enough details for development to occur?
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Backlog grooming
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At which point in an agile project should acceptance criteria be added to a user story?
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During backlog grooming
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True or False: a user story contains many requirements
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True. It is a functional grouping of requirements.
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What do rule models do?
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Help identify and document the business rules, business policies, and decision frameworks that need to be supported by the solution
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What are business rules?
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Constraints about how the organization wants to operate
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How are business rules enforced?
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By data and/or processes
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What is the objective when analyzing business rules?
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To identify what should or should not be allowed in a business enterprise
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What is a key element of business rules analysis?
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The absence of technology
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A table of business rules and related attributes describes what modeling technique?
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Business Rules Catalog
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What attributes might be captured for a business rules catalog?
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Unique ID, description, type of rule, and references to other documents
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True or False: business rules are specific to one project
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False. They are typically maintained at a higher level because they apply to the entire business, not just one project
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What do decision trees and tables depict?
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A series of decisions and the outcomes they lead to
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What types of models are typically used to model business rules?
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Decision trees and tables
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Decision trees work best with __ choices
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Binary (i.e. yes or no)
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Which type of decision model would more likely be used when there are many choices and analysis is becoming complex?
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Decision tables
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What does each branch in a decision tree represent?
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A different choice or option
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What do the leaves of a decision tree represent?
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The outcomes for a decision
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Decision trees may be drawn __ or __
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Horizontally or vertically
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What are the four areas of a decision table?
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Condition stub, conditions, action stub, actions
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At what point during analysis would a business analyst consider using decision trees or tables?
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When uncovering a series of "if this, then that" statements
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What are decision tables useful to ensure?
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That all possible combinations of decision choices are considered
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What does a data model depict?
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The data used in a process or system and its lifecycle
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What are data models typically used for?
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Identifying relationships between data, to show how data is related to processes, and to further help extract requirements related to business rules
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The data model that shows the business data objects or piece of information of interest in a project, and the cardinality relationships between those objects is what type?
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Entity Relationship Diagram
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True or False: in an ERD, business data objects refer to exact data objects in a database
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False. they are conceptual pieces of data that the business thinks and cares about representing people, places, things and concepts
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What is multiplicity in an ERD?
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An indication on the relationship line to show the number of times that one entity occurs in relationship to the other entity, and whether the relationship is required or optional
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What type of project is the ERD a cornerstone of?
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Projects that have data management components
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What data model shows the relationships between systems, actors, and the data that is exchanged and manipulated over the course of one or many processes?
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Data Flow Diagrams
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Data models are a good tool for what?
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Helping stakeholders and developers understand how data flows through the systems, which leads to identifying specific data requirements
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What data model is tabular in format and shows data fields and attributes of those fields?
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Data dictionary
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What are some common attributes of data models?
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Name, description, size, and validation rules
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True or False: the information captured in a data dictionary explicitly reflects the database design
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False, it does not, but database designers use data dictionaries as an input to their database architecture
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True or False: Data dictionaries can stand alone and do not need redundant requirement statements
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TRUE
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What models show the valid states of an object and any allowed transitions between those states?
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State tables and diagrams
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Which model is tabular in format with all of the valid states in the first column and across the first row?
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State table
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True or False: state diagrams and state tables show exactly the same information
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True, but it is easier to visualize the valid states and transitions by showing only the allowed transitions
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What are state tables useful to ensure?
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That state transitions are not missed
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True or False: it is more difficult to ensure a state diagram is complete than a state table
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True, but it's much easier to quickly visualize the life cycle of an object
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True or False: State tables and diagrams are stand-alone models
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True. They do not require additional requirement statements to be developed and tested correctly
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State diagrams and tables are often used to model what?
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Business Rules
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Which type of models depict the relationships within a solution to gain an understanding of interfaces and their details?
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Interface models
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Which model captures the detailed level requirements of a single report?
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Report Table
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Report attributes should be specified alongside what?
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A prototype or example of the actual report
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What are a few common attributes you might find on a report table?
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Functional area, report owner, trigger, frequency, security
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Why is it important to include an example report with a report table?
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It provides context for the data in the report table
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What does the business analyst need to define on a report table if there are multiple data sources?
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The system of record
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Which model captures the attributes of all detail-level requirements for a single interface?
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System Interface Table
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Source system, target system, data volume, and security are common attributes of what model?
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Source system, target system, data volume, and security
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True or False: System interface tables typically include either source or target systems
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False. It's more typical to find both source and targets on the same model, but they could be separated
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What model shows the flow between pages or screens within a functional design and plots how to navigate between them with various triggers?
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User Interface Flow
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How can user interface flows be used during elicitation?
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To determine more details about the functions that takes the users between screens
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Which model is used in conjunction with wireframes?
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Display-action-response
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What do display-action-response models identify?
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Page elements and the functions (if any) that they are attached to
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True or False: wireframes and display-action-response models are not the responsibility of the BA
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False. While this work may sometimes be performed by UX or human factor analysts, business analysts are often asked to perform this function
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What are the general principles of human-machine interface?
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Compatibility, consistency, memory, structure, feedback, workload, individualization
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When is the display-action response model typically used?
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When precision is needed for detailing the display and interactions in a user interface
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What is a benefit of wireframes and display-action-response models?
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The model places the individual requirements statements in the context of the elements on the screen
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What are the considerations for choosing how to document the requirements after analysis?
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The project needs, the organization, and the project life cycle being used
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When packaged together, what do documented requirements provide?
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A defined solution scope to the business problem or opportunity
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Why does the BA prepare a requirements package?
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So that the solution team understands how to develop the solution
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True or False: Requirements documentation is the only technique to ensure consensus among stakeholders
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False. There are many ways of achieving consensus
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What are some reasons documenting requirements is important?
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- Provides a baseline for validating stakeholder needs- It is the primary input to the design team, developers, and testers- Provides a foundation for reusability- Includes supporting details for contractual agreements
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Which type of documentation includes the features, functions, and characteristics of the product or service?
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Solution documentation
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Solution documentation serves as the __ for the product the solution team is asked to build
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Blueprint
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When is it essential that the solution documentation be precise and detailed?
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When development work is outsourced
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Who is responsible for reviewing, validating, and approving solution documentation?
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Business Stakeholders
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When is the format of solution documentation defined?
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Business Analysis Planning
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What is the difference between product and project requirements?
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Product requirements describe what is being built or the outcome of the project or solution to the business problem, whereas project requirements describe the constraints and necessities for successful completion of the project
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True or False: the BA is responsible for both product and project requirements
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False. The BA is responsible for product requirements, whereas PMs are responsible for project requirements
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What does the process of requirements categorization help to do?
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Expose vague, misstated, ambiguous, or otherwise poorly written requirements
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Why are requirements categories defined?
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To help group and structure requirements within the documentation
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What are some filters for selecting requirements categories?
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Scope, functional, prioritization, testability
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Which document attempts to specify all circumstances, conditions, actions, reactions, results and error conditions that could possibly occur in the defined solution?
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Requirements Specification
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A factor that is considered true, real, or certain, without proof or demonstration is what?
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An Assumption
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When is the use of assumptions warranted?
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- Complete information is unavailable- Project success is dependent on a future event- Assumptions are based on factors that currently exist (but may not be true in the future)
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What do assumptions impose on project?
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Risk
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What must be identified for each assumption on a project?
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Contingency (so there's a course of action should the assumption turn out to be false)
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Who is responsible for managing assumptions?
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Both the Business Analyst and Project Manager
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What is a constraint (from a BA perspective)?
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A limiting factor placed on the product or solution
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What are the two levels of constraints?
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Product or solution (BA) and project (PM) constraints
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What is the difference between requirements and constraints?
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Requirements are written in positive voice, whereas constraints are typically written in negative voice
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What are some categories of solution constraints?
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Geography, regulations, organizational policy, culture
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Restricting access to sales information to a region the customer is location in is an example of what type of constraint?
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Geography
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What are some typical project constraints?
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Time, Cost, Scope
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What are the components of well-formatted requirements?
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Condition, subject, imperative, action verb, object, business rule (optional), and outcome (optional)
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What requirements characteristics can be used to ensure high-quality requirements?
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Unambiguous, precise, consistent, correct, complete, measurable, feasible, traceable, testable
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What does it mean when a requirement can be interpreted differently between individuals?
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The requirement is ambiguous
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What might result from ambiguous requirements?
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The wrong solution being built
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What does it mean for requirements to be precise?
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They are statements of what the solution is with no more, no less.
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What does it mean for requirements to be consistent?
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Each should be included only one time to avoid confusing and redundancy, and should not be in conflict with any other requirements
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What tool may be used to ensure requirements are consistent?
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Traceability
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When is not unusual for requirements to be conflicting?
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When there are multiple business analysts working on the same set of requirements, but performing elicitation separately
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What does it mean when each requirement accurately describes the functionality to be built
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That it is correct
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True or False: only the product stakeholder can confirm whether a requirement is correct
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TRUE
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How is correctness achieved?
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Through frequent review and confirmation sessions with the sources of the information
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Correctness falls into the purview of who?
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The Business Community
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True or False: Requirements should not be committed until confirmed by a second source
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True. This is a general requirements rule
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What does it mean when the requirements have enough information to complete the requirement?
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That it is complete. However, requirements can be made more complete with more information, therefore completeness is not absolute
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When is a requirements specification considered to be complete?
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- It contains all necessary requirements- Responses are specified for all inputs and outputs- All figures, tables, and diagrams are labeled and referenced
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What term should be used if something is unknown, and therefore incomplete?
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TBD (to be determined)
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In order to be testable, a requirement must be individually __
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Measurable
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What are the four types of feasibility?
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Operational, Technology/System, Cost-Effectiveness, Time
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With whom should the BA work to determine requirements feasibility?
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Solution Development Team
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How is feasibility best analyzed?
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According to a variety of factors
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Requirements are said to __ when then can be mapped back to the source of a requirement, and forward through to a test case
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Traceable
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Requirements that are __ allow for an assessment of pass/fail
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Testable
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True or False: stakeholders find it easy to make prioritization decisions
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False, they may see all requirements as equal
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What are the prioritization techniques?
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MoSCoW, multi-voting, time-boxing, weighted ranking
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What are some items you might find in a technical specification?
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Wireframes or screen mockups, data models and schema, detail process flows
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True or False: use cases can only be used as stand-alone requirements
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False. They can be used in addition or instead of producing separate functional requirements specifications
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When packaged together, user stories represent a __-__ version of solution requirements
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High-level
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Which requirements documentation type breaks down features into manageable parts and provides a simple and effective mechanism to segment a complex set of features into simple, definable elements?
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User Stories
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What is does it mean to validate requirements?
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The process of ensuring all requirements accurately reflect the intent of the stakeholders, thereby ensuring the requirements meet their expectations
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True or False: confirmation is performed once at the end of the requirements process
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False. Confirmation is continual
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__ requirements accurately reflect what the stakeholders are asking the solution developers to build
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Valid
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Asking requirements reviewers to review the requirements in advance of a walkthrough provides what benefits?
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- Time for reviewers to think about it in advance, and prepare feedback- Avoidance of emotional reactions
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A requirements walk-through provides stakeholders with the opportunity to do what?
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Raise questions, seek clarity, voice concerns
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By verifying requirements after validating, it ensures whta?
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That only requirements that are considered "good" are verified
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Why is requirements verification performed?
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To ensure that the requirements meet the quality standards or standards of excellence for the organizations
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What are the two types of verification?
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Peer review, inspection
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What process involves a form or informal review of requirements by a peer of a business analyst?
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Peer Review
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Besides the development team, which other roles might be included in a peer review of requirements?
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Testers, Training developers
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What includes a more rigorous form of peer review?
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Inspection
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True or False: Business stakeholders and management are included in an inspection session
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False. They are specifically excluded
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What are some items that might be included in a requirements inspection checklist?
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- Are all requirements written at a consistent and appropriate level of detail?- Do the requirements provide an adequate basis for design?- Is the priority for each requirement included?- Are all interfaces defined?- Is the expected behavior documented for all anticipated error conditions?
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The existence of a __ is what differentiates an inspection from a peer review
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Checklist
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When signatures are obtained for sign-off, which three are typically included?
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Business owner, solution team recipient, business analyst
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True or False: obtaining sign-off should be a routine process
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True, since the requirements are confirmed to be correct, accurate, understandable, and implementable
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True or False: conflicts may arise at any point in the business analysis process
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True, but the business analyst mediates the situation to reach a resolution
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What should be done if conflicts cannot be resolved?
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The issue needs to be escalated
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BAs require the soft skill of __ to bring opposing sides to consensus
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Negotiation
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Which technique is an information-gathering technique used as a way to reach consensus from anonymous experts on a subject?
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Delphi
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What is a reason the delphi decision-making technique is effective?
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It reduces bias in the data and prevents any one person from having undue influence on the outcome
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Delphi, multi-voting, and weighted ranking are examples of what?
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Decision-making techniques used to make decisions regarding requirements conflicts
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