Plants

Front 1

the cell walls of plants are made of

Back 1

cellulose

Front 2

in plants, carbohydrates are stored as

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starch

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the life cycle os plants is characterized by

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alternation of generations

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plants are organized into 2 groups

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bryophytes and tracheophytes

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bryophytes

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plants with no transport vessels (like xylem and phloem)
-nonvascular
-lack lignin (fortified tissue that is necessary to support a tall plant)
-restricted to moist habitats and are tiny
-grow on rocks, soil, and trees
(mosses, liverworts)

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tracheophytes

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plants with transport vessels
-vascular
-have xylem and phloem
-have lignin
-have roots to absorb water while also anchoring and supporting the plant
-have leaves that increase surface area
-have a life cycle with a dominant sporophyte generation

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because bryophytes are nonvascular, they must get water by

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they must absorb water by diffusion from the air

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lignin

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fortified tissue that is necessary to support a tall plant

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tracheophytes are divided into 2 groups

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those with seed and those without seeds (ferns)

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seed plants can further be divided into...

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gymnosperms (bearing cones) and angiosperms (those bearing fruits and flowers)

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gymnosperms

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bear cones

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angiosperms

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bear fruits and flowers

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ferns

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the most widespread seedless tracheophyte
-reproduce by sproes instead of by seeds
-homosporous
-restricted to moist habitats
-their sperm must swim to fertilize the egg

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homosporous

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-seedless plants
-they produce only one type of spore which then developes into a bisexual gametophyte

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heterosporous

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-seed plants
-they produce 2 kinds of spores, megaspores and microspres

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megaspres

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develop into male gametophytes

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microspores

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develop into female gametophytes

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the seeds of gymnosperms are said to be naked because

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they are not enclosed inside a fruit as are seeds in angiosperms

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gymnosperms depend on____for pollination

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wind

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after pollination and fertilization of angiosperms, the ovary becomes_____ and the ovule becomes_____

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1) fruit
2) seed

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_____protects dormant seed and aids in their dispersal in angiosperms

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fruit

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2 groups of angiosperms

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monocots and dicots

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Monocots

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-1 seed leaf
-scattered vascular bundles in stems
-parallel leaf venation
-floral parts are usually in 3's
-has fibrous roots

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dicots

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-2 seed leaves
-vascular bundles in stem are in a ring
-netlike leaf venation
-floral parts are usually in 4's or 5's
-taproots

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roots and root hairs

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absorb water and nutrients from the soil

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stomates

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open to exchange photosynthetic gases and close to minimize excessive water loss

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cutin

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the waxy coating on the leaves helps prevent excess water loss from the leaves

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gametangia

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a protective jacket of cells that prevents drying out

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sporopollenin

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a tough polymer that is resistant to almost all kinds of environmental damage and protects plants in a harsh terrestrial environment
-found in walls of spores and pollen

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enables plant to grow tall

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xylem and phloem

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meristems

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tissue that continually divides and generates new cells
-HENCE, plants continue to grow as long as they live

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primary growth

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the elongation of the plant down into the soil and up into the air

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apical meristems

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-at the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots
-the source of primary growth

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lateral meristems

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-provides secondary growth

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secondary growth

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thickening the roots and shoots of woody plants

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herbaceious plants

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(nonwoody plants)
-only primary growth

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woody plants

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-secondary growth is responsible for the gradual thickening of the roots and shoots formed from earlier primary growth

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a plant consists of 3 types of tissue

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dermal, vascular, and ground

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dermal tissue

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covers and protects the plant
-includes epidermis and modified cells

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vascular tissue

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consists of xylem and phloem

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xylem

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the water and mineral conductin tissue
-consists of tracheids and vessel elements (these are 2 types of elongated cells)

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at functional maturity, both tracheids and vessel elements are

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dead

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tracheids

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long, thin cells that overlap and are tapered at the ends
-water passes from one cell to another through pits (areas with no secondary wall)
-FUNCTION TO SUPPORT THE PLANT AS WELL AS TO TRANSPORT NUTRIENTS AND WATER

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vessel elements

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generally wider, shorter, thinner walled, and less tapered than tracheids
-aligned end to end and differ from tracheids in that the ends are perforated to allow free flow through the vessel tues

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seedless vascular plants and most gymnosperm have only_____(tracheids/vessel elements)

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tracheids

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most angiosperms have (tracheids/vessel elements/both)

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both tracheids and vessel elements

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wood is made up of

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xylem

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phloem

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carries sugars from the photosynthetic leaves to the rest of the plant by active transport

-phloem vessels consist of chains of sieve tube members or elements whose end walls contain sieve plates that facilitate the flow of fluid from one cell to another

-cells are ALIVE at maturity

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ground tissue

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-the most common tissue type in plants
-functions mainly in support, storage, and photosynthesis

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ground cells consist of 3 cell types

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parenchyma, sclerenchma, and collencyma cells

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parenchymal cells

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look like classic plant cells
-have primary cell walls that are thin and flexible
-lack a secondary cell wall
-when turgid with water, it gives support and shape to the plant
-retain the ability to divide and differentiate into other cell types after a plant has been injured in some way

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the most common cell type in a plant

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a parenchymal cell

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collenchymal cell

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-have unevenly thickened primary cell walls
-lack a secondary cell wall
-mature collenchymal cells are alive
-function is to suport the growing stem

(strings of cellery)

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sclerenchymal cells

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-have very thick primary and secondary walls fortified with ligin
-function is to support the plant
-2 types of these cells: sclereids and fibers

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sclereids

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type of sclerenchymal cell
-short and irregular in shape
-make up tough seed coats and pits

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fibers (type of sclerenchymal cell)

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-long, thin, and fibrous
-usually occur in bundles

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3 functions of roots

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1) absorb nutrients from the soil
2) anchor the plant
3) store food

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epidermis

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covers the entire surface of the root and is modified for absorption

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these greatly increase the absorptive surface area

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root hairs

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the cortex

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consists of parenchymal cells that contain many plastids for the storage of starch and other organic substances

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stele

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vascular tissue that surround the vascular cylinde

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endoderm

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tightly packed layer of cells that surrounds the vascular cylinder

-its function is to select what minerals enter the vascular cylinder and the body of the plant

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each endoderm is wrapped with a

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casparian strip

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casparian strip

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a continuous band of suberin, a waxy material that is impervious to water and dissolved materials

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apical meristems

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located at the tip of the roots
-provide primary growth, the elongation of the plant down into the soil and up into the air

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taproot

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a single, large root that gives rise to lateral brach roots

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primary root of a dicot

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taproot

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roots common in monocots

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fibrous root system, holds the plant firmly in place

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adventitious roots

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roots that arise above the ground

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prop roots

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(like corn)
-grow above ground out from the base of the stem and help support the plant

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pith

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parenchymal tissues modified for storage

Front 72

secondary growth in stems is produced by

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lateral meristems

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vascular bundles contain

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xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside

Front 74

vascular bundles appear only in

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cells NOT ROOTS

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xylem fluid rises in a plant against gravity and requires/does not require every

Back 75

does not require

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the fluid in the xylem can be pushed up by

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root pressure

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the fluid in the xylem can be pulled by

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transpirational pull

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root pressure

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results from water flowing into the stele from the soil as a result of the high mineral content in the root cells

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guttation

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the droplets of water that appear in the morning on the leaf tips, due to root pressure

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transpiration

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the evaporation of water from leaves
-causes negative pressure to develope in the xylem tissue from the roots to the leaves
-cohesion of water makes traspiration possible

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lateral movement

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the movement of water and solutes across a plant

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apoplast

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network of cell walls and intercellular spaces within a plant body that permits short-distance extracellular movement of water within a plant

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mycorrhizae

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suplly the plant with water and minerals where plants with older regions of roots lack root hairs

Front 84

bulk flow

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how fluids move great distances in plants

Front 85

translocution of phloem sap

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travels around the plant from sugar source.

Front 86

primary source of sugar

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mature leaves

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the sexual organ of a plant

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the flower

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gametophyte is (haploid/diploid)

Back 88

haploid

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sporophyte is (haploid/diploid)

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diploid

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alternation of generations

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1) gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis
2) gametes fuse during fertilization to ield diploid zygotes
3) each zygote develops into a sporophyte
4) sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis
5) each spore forms a new gametophyte

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antheridium

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structure that produces sperm

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archegonium

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structure that produces eggs

Front 93

gameophyte

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haploid plant

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heterosporous

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having 2 kinds of spore, male and female

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homosporous

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producing a single spore that grows into a bisexual gametophyte

Front 96

megaspore

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produced by large female cones, develops into female gametophytes

Front 97

microspore

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produced by small male cones
-develops into male gametophytes

Front 98

protonema

Back 98

branching one celled thick filaments produced by germinating moss spores
-becomes the gametophyte in moss

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sporangia

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located on mature sporophyte where meiosis occures
-produces haploid spores

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sporophyte

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diploid plant

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sori

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raised spots located on the underside of sporophyte ferns
-clusters of sporangia

Front 102

in seed plants, meoisis occurs in the

Back 102

anthers and the pistils

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anthers produce

Back 103

microspores that form male gametophytes

Front 104

plant hormones

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help coordinate growth, development, and responses to environmental stimuli

Front 105

auxin

Back 105

-responsible for phototropisms (growth of a plant shoot toward/away light)
-enhances apical dominance (the preferential growth of a plant upward rather than laterally)
-stimulates stem elongation and growth

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cytokinines

Back 106

-stimulates cytokinesis and cell division
-delay aging (senescence) by inhibiting protein breakdown
-produced in roots

Front 107

gibberellins

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-promotes stem and leaf elongation
-works with auxin to promote cell growth

Front 108

abscisic acid

Back 108

-inhibits growth
-enables plants to withstand drought
-closes stomates during times of water stress
-promotes seed dormancy

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ethylene

Back 109

-is a gas
-promotes fruit ripening

Front 110

ap optosis

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programmed cell death

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tropisms

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the growth of a plant toward or away from a stimulus

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thigmotropisms

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the growth away or toward a touch

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geotropisms

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the growth of a plant toward or away from gravity

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photoperiod

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the environmental stimulus a plant uses to detect the time of year

Front 115

circadian rhythm

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a biological clock that is set to a 24 hour day

Front 116

long day plants

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some plants will flower only when the light period is longer than a certain number of hours

Front 117

phytochrome

Back 117

the photoreceptor responsible for keeping track of the length of day and night