Plant Growth And Development

Front 1

Angiosperm

Back 1

Vascular flowering plants with enclosed seeds formed in an ovary

Front 2

Gymnosperm

Back 2

Vascular Non- flowering plants with naked seeds formed without an ovary

Front 3

Monocotyledon (monocot)

Back 3

The embryo has one cotyledon (embryonic) seed leaf

Front 4

Dicotyledon (dicot)

Back 4

The embryo has two cotyledons (embryonic seed leaves)

Front 5

Vascular bundle

Back 5

The transport system in vascular plants.

(Main point)

Is usually scattered in monocots and ringed in dicots

Front 6

Testa

Back 6

Protective outer coating in seeds

Front 7

Hilum

Back 7

Scar from where the seed was attached to the ovary wall.

Front 8

Micropyle

Back 8

Small pore that allows water into the embryo at the time of germination.

Often where the initial root emerges

Front 9

Lignin

Back 9

A structural component of the testa. A complex polymer that provides strength, rigidity and resistance.

Front 10

Suberin

Back 10

A structural component of the testa. A complex polymer that provides a waterproof barrier.

Front 11

Cutin

Back 11

A structural component of the testa. A complex polymer that provides waterproofing and resistance.

Front 12

Mucilaginous

Back 12

Has a gelatinous consistency.

Front 13

Radicle

Back 13

The primary embryonic root in seed

Front 14

Hypocotyl

Back 14

Lower stem - transitional structure between root and shoot in the embryo

Front 15

Cotelydon

Back 15

The primary (embryonic) seeds leaves.

These are the first leaves to emerge from germinating seed.

Front 16

Epicotyl

Back 16

Embryonic shoot which develops into the first true leaves and stem beneath.

Front 17

Plumule

Back 17

The tip of the embryonic shoot.

Front 18

Photosynthesis

Back 18

Chemical reaction in plants whereby food in the form of sugar is produced. It requires CO2, H2O and light.

Front 19

Endosperm

Back 19

A storage tissue in seeds.

The main storage tissue in many monocots.

Front 20

Endospermic

Back 20

The main storage tissue is the endosperm.

Front 21

Non-endospermic

Back 21

The main storage tissue is the cotyledon.

Front 22

Starch

Back 22

Complex sugar based carbohydrates

Front 23

Protein

Back 23

General word for chains of amino acids

Front 24

Lipid

Back 24

General name for a variety of different hydrocarbon, glycerol and fatty acid molecules.

Front 25

Epigeal

Back 25

At emergence, the cotyledon(s) are above the soil level.

Front 26

Hypogeal

Back 26

At emergence, the cotyledon(s) are below soil level.

Front 27

Imbibition

Back 27

A passive movement of water into the seed, once the micropyle is open and or the testa is ruptured, causing swelling and initiating the germination process.

As it is a physical process it can occur in both viable and non-viable seeds.

Front 28

Gibberellic acid (GA)

Back 28

Naturally occuring plant hormone, important for initiating many aspects of plant growth and development.

Front 29

Aleurone layer

Back 29

A film of protein based endospermic that surround the outer layer of the endosperm.

Front 30

Alpha-amylase

Back 30

An enzyme synthesised in the aleurone layer involved in the breakdown of starch into simpler sugars.

Front 31

Beta-amylase

Back 31

Enzyme synthesised in the endosperm involved in the breakdown of starch into simpler sugars.

Front 32

Scutellum

Back 32

An adapted cotyledon which absorbs the storage reserves from the endosperm (the released sugars) and transfers them to the embryonic area.

Front 33

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Back 33

An organic compound present on all cells, often described as the powerhouse of the cell.

Front 34

Embryonic axis

Back 34

The collective name for the radicle, epicotyl and hypocotyl.

Front 35

Amylases

Back 35

A hydrolytic enzyme which breaks down starch

Front 36

Lipases

Back 36

A hydrolytic enzyme that breaks down lipids/oils.

Front 37

Proteases

Back 37

A hydrolytic enzyme that breaks down proteins.

Front 38

Root cap

Back 38

A hard protective layer found at the tip of the radicle that aids movement through the soil.

Front 39

Coleorhiza

Back 39

The coleorhiza provides protection to the radicle and the root cap as they emerge from the seed.

Front 40

Coleoptile

Back 40

A protective covering that encases the shoot apex as it emerges from the seed and begins to grow through the soil.

Front 41

Heterotrophic

Back 41

A young plant dependent on food reserves from the seed.

Front 42

Autotrophic

Back 42

A young plant no longer dependent on seed food reserves that is obtaining its own water and photosythesising.