Plant Biology Lab Review

Front 1

What is an experimental group

Back 1

The group that receives a different treatment

Front 2

What is the control group

Back 2

The group that receives the same to no treatment

Front 3

Why is it important to have both

Back 3

To be able to compare results and data

Front 4

What is a hypothesis

Back 4

An educated guess

Front 5

What is a placebo

Back 5

A harmless pill, medicine, or procedure prescribed more for the psychological benefit to the patient then fire any physiological effect

Front 6

Back 6

1) chloroplasts

2) cell wall

3) cytoplasm

4) plasma membrane

Front 7

Back 7

1) central vacuole

2) cell wall

3) nucleus

4) nucleolus

5) chloroplast

Front 8

What is phenol red and how it reacts to Ph change

Back 8

Phenol red is a pH indicator which is red(out hot pink) under alkaline conditions (anove 8.2) and yellow unset acidic conditions (below 6.8)

Front 9

What is elodea and why it was used for the labs

Back 9

Elkdea is a common freshwater aquatic plant, used because....

Front 10

Why'd would you expect the water to change color when it has the Elodea I it?

Back 10

??

Front 11

Why did the color change occur? Whaybdoes that mean? Why were bubbles produced?

Back 11

The green extract should take on a burgundy red tint as the process of fluorescence occurs. In this reaction, the chlorophyll molecules absorb light energy which excites electrons

Front 12

Labor what seed germination and imbibition are

Back 12

Seed germination is the process of seeds developing into plants. Imbibtions is the uptakwnof water. It is a passive process that sweet the seeds, it activates the enzymes for cellular respiration to begin.

Germination is the process of seeds developing into new plants. First, environmental conditions must trigger the seed to grow. Usually this is determined by how deep the seed is planted, water availabily, and temperature. When water is plentiful, the seed fills with water in process called imbibition. The water activates special proteins, called enzymes that begin the process of seeds growth. First the seed grows a root to access water underground. Next the shoots of growth above ground begins to appear. The seed sends a shoot towards the surface, where it will grow leaves to harvest engery from the sun. The leaves continue to grow towards then might source in a process called photomorphogenesis

Front 13

Know the scientific name of the plant you worked with in lab report 2

Back 13

Phaseolus lanatus is the Liam bean. Grown in central America and California. Thigomorphogensis is the development in the plants response to touch.

Front 14

What is old xylem?

Back 14

In the center of the tree, no longer serves in conduction but serves only as structural support and waste dump

Front 15

What is phloem

Back 15

Phloem is a series of tubes like xylem but it is alive and transports organic nutrients like carbs

Front 16

Vascular cambium?

Vascular cambium?

Back 16

A cylinder of meristematic tissue that produces additional xylic and phloic tissues.

Front 17

Do trees grow the same way as humans do?

Back 17

No trees have indeterminate growth, they grow forever, and humans stop growing.

Front 18

What is girdling?

Back 18

Cut through the bark all the way around (a tree or branch), typically in order to kill it or to kill a branch to make the tree more fruitful.

Front 19

Why did we use liquid nitrogen? What does it do?

Back 19

It will involve the use of liquid nitrogen flash freezing followed by grinding the frozen tissue with a mortar and pestle. This is to break open the tough cell walls with intense mechanical agitation.

Front 20

How is plant DNA different animal?

Back 20

The plant cell wall and the yields of DNA from plant tissues by these methods will generally be lower and of lower quality than for a comparable animal tissue extraction.

Front 21

What kind of root is this?

Back 21

Taproot: Central, large dominant root in a plant.

Front 22

What type of root is this?

Back 22

Fibrous: It has moderately thin branches

Front 23

Why are roots important?

Back 23

Taking up air, water, and nutrients from the soil and moving them up into the leaves, where they can interact with sunlight to produce sugars, flavors, and energy for the plant.

Front 24

Be able to explain why some plants have different root structures.

Back 24

For nutrient and water uptake/storage depending upon the plant species/environment it lives in

Front 25

Why do some plants have shrunken stomata?

Back 25

Plants with sunken stomata are found in dry habitats and not even with the plant surface. The sunken stomata trap moist air, which reduces diffusion and reduces water loss.

Front 26

Why do some plants have thick cuticles?

Back 26

Like Cacti, these types of plants have thick cuticles to prevent water loss and trap more water in.

Front 27

Why are leaves important for photosynthesis?

Back 27

During photosynthesis, plants trap light energy from the sun with their leaves and use that energy to change water and carbon dioxide into glucose. Leaves are usually thin to permit light penetration to all of the internal photosynthetic cells. Leaf pores can be opened to admit carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Leaves have conducting tissue in veins to transport the water to the cells and sugars to other parts of the plant as needed.

Front 28

What are trichomes?

Back 28

Trichomes are root/leaf hairs that absorb water and minerals, reflect radiation, lower plant temperature, and reduce water loss.

Front 29

Be able to tell the difference between leaves in sunlight and shade.

Back 29

A leaf in the sun would have thicker leaf structures to gather more sunlight for photosynthesis. A leaf in the shade would have thinner and broader leaf structure because it needs more leaf area to trap energy for photosynthesis.

Front 30

Why do some plants not produce seeds?

Back 30

Spore producing plants have a different life cycle than seed producing plants.

Front 31

What do they produce instead?

Back 31

They produce spores rather than seeds, which allows the spores to be dispersed to different locations by wind.

Front 32

What are some advantages/disadvantages of being a seedless plant?

Back 32

Advantages include that they can disperse spores for reproduction, can grow in various places, and some have a vascular system. Only disadvantages I could find were that seedless decreases biodiversity, which reduces plant species resistance to disease.

Front 33

What are the groupings of seedless plants pteridophytes, bryophytes, and lycophytes?

Back 33

Bryophytes are nonvascular, do not have specialized vascular tissue with lignin containing cell walls for conducting fluids and nutrients through the body. Lycophytes and pteridophytes are vascular.

Front 34

Be able to give examples and identify plants in each grouping.

Back 34

Bryophytes: liverworts, hornworts, and mosses

Lycophytes: club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts

Pteridophytes: whisk fern, horsetails, and ferns

Front 35

Know how to correctly write scientific names.

Back 35

Genus species; or specific epithet

Front 36

Know the protection features seeds have.

Back 36

A seed consists of a protective seed coat that encloses an embryonic offspring plant and nutritive tissue. The nutritive tissue will provide the embryo with energy and nutrients needed during seed germination.

Front 37

Be able to identify male vs. female cones (in pine trees).

Back 37

Male cones, pollen-bearing or staminate cones, are small and produce pollen grains. Female cones, ovule-bearing or seed cones, have ovules containing egg cells that later turn into seeds.

Front 38

What are conifers?

Back 38

Conifers are gymnosperm and cone bearers.

Front 39

Back 39

Cedar

Front 40

Back 40

Douglas Firs

Front 41

Back 41

Cypresses

Front 42

Back 42

Junipers

Front 43

Know the difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms.

Back 43

Gymnosperms are naked seeds that develop from ovules that are NOT enclosed in a structure, but rather EXPOSED on a cone scale or a stalk. Gymnosperms consist of conifers (pine, fir, spruce, cedar, etc.), cycads, ginkgo, and unusual gnetophytes. Angiosperms are flowering plants. Flowers include female structures called pistils, and male structures called stamens.

Front 44

What are cotyledons?

Back 44

A cotyledon is part of the embryo within the seed of a plant. Often when the seed germinates the cotyledon may become the first leaves of the seedling. Monocots – one cotyledon. Dicots – two cotyledons. Cotyledons are important for new plants as it begins to grow because they contain the stored food reserves form the seed to give the plant int initial burst of energy to grow.

Front 45

Why are common names not as useful as the scientific names?

Back 45

Scientists avoid using common names because they are often not specific enough to a particular species. Thank you Carl Linnaeus! Classification: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

Front 46

Why do plants produce flowers? What different adaptations do flowers have to attract pollinators?

Back 46

Flowers are the reproductive structures of flowering plants. The function of a flower is to produce a fruit that contains seeds. Every fruit has developed from a flower. Different adaptations to attract animals are visually or by smell.

Front 47

Know that everything we worked with in lab was a fruit.

Back 47

Everything we worked on with lab is a fruit. That includes: peanut, almond, walnut, strawberry, raspberry, apple, orange, corn, pineapple, coconut.

Front 48

Know why it is advantageous for plants to produce fruits.

Back 48

Fruits have seeds in them, and when eaten, they get pooped out (dispersed) in another location to begin growing a new plant.

Front 49

High power objectives have the working distance of about?

High power objectives have the working distance of about?

?

Back 49

1 mm

Front 50

What is the apparent increase in size of an image.

Back 50

Magnification

Front 51

What is the name of the green organelles within which photosynthesis occurs?

Back 51

Chloroplast

Front 52

What is the diffusion of water across a membrane, moving to the side that has a lower water concentration.

Back 52

Osmosis

Front 53

What type of aquatic plant will we be using for this lab?

Back 53

Elodea

Front 54

What is a red pH indicator that we will be using in this lab.

Back 54

Phenol

Front 55

The green coloration of most plants is primarily the result of what pigments.

Back 55

chlorophyll

Front 56

Photosynthesis is a __ step process.

Back 56

2

Front 57

What is an extremely important by-product of photosynthesis?

Back 57

Oxygen

Front 58

Angiosperms are what kind of plants.

Back 58

Flowering

Front 59

What are the naked-seeded plants that include conifers.

Back 59

Gymnosperms

Front 60

Attached to the embryo are one or more fleshy, nutrient rich structures called what?

Back 60

cotyledons

Front 61

The first step in the germination process is the uptake of water, called what. It is a passive process that swells the seed.

Back 61

Imbibition

Front 62

A particular seed will develop into a mature plant of a genetically predetermined form.

Back 62

True

Front 63

Phyton is a Greek word that means what?

Back 63

Plant

Front 64

A plant responding to various types of touch is called?

Back 64

thigmotrophisim

Front 65

Do plants grown in greenhouses usually have longer, thinner stems than another plant of the same species that is grown in a garden?

Back 65

True

Front 66

Do most plants require phosphorous?

Back 66

True

Front 67

Why are trees important?

Back 67

Provide shade, provide products, provide oxygen

Front 68

What kind of bud contains short, immature shoot with tiny immature leaves.

Back 68

Vegetative

Front 69

What are tough, shingle-like modified leaves covering a bud, used to protect the bud against damage and desiccation called?

Back 69

Bud scales

Front 70

What feature allows gas exchange on a twig?

Back 70

Lenticel

Front 71

You can tell the age of a tree from various features (ex: tree rings, and leaf scars).

Back 71

True

Front 72

You be extracting DNA from Hibiscus plant species.

Back 72

True

Front 73

Animal DNA is harder to extract and has a lower quality in most cases than extracted plant DNA.

Back 73

False

Front 74

We will be using what chemical substance to help break down the plant cell wall?

Back 74

Liquid Nitrogen

Front 75

Plants have tough cell wall made out of what.

Back 75

Cellulose

Front 76

Because plants are easy to manipulate, plant DNA is second only to what other DNA as a primary experimental subject for bioengineers.

Back 76

bacterial

Front 77

The what protects the root tip as it pushes through the soil.

Back 77

Root cap

Front 78

What is the method of killing trees by removing bark all along the trees trunk called?

Back 78

Girdling

Front 79

What are fungi called that engage in a mutually beneficial relationship with plant roots?

Back 79

Mycorrhizae

Front 80

Xerophytes are a category of plants that grow in what types of areas?

Back 80

Desert/Dry

Front 81

More than 90 % of the water lost from a plant is lost through stomata, in a process called?

Back 81

Transpiration

Front 82

The seedless plants include the liverworts, hornworts, and mosses, which are collectively referred to as?

Back 82

Bryophytes

Front 83

The ____ and pteridophytes are referred to as vascular seedless plants.

Back 83

lycophytes

Front 84

Plants spore-producing body is called?

Back 84

Sporophyte

Front 85

The zygote remains in place on the gametophyte to grow into the

Back 85

sporophyte

Front 86

Bryophytes are nonvascular plants.

Back 86

True

Front 87

In what do the naked seeds develop from ovules that are not enclosed in a structure, but rater are exposed on a cone scale or a stalk.

Back 87

gymnosperms

Front 88

Greek: gymnos means naked.

Back 88

True

Front 89

Confiners produce male (pollen-bearing) and female (ovule-bearing) cones.

Back 89

True

Front 90

A plant’s binominal scientific name consists of two words, the genus and the specific epithet.

Back 90

True

Front 91

Which is the correct way to rewrite the scientific name for pinus strobus?

Back 91

Pinus strobus

Front 92

Flowering plants are classified primarily on the basis of their what structure.

Back 92

Flowering

Front 93

What is the female structure on flowers (composed of stigma, style, and ovary).

Back 93

Pistil

Front 94

What is the male structure on flowers (composed of anther and filament).

Back 94

Stamen

Front 95

Every fruit has developed from a flower.

Back 95

True

Front 96

For this coming week’s lab, you will be dissecting flowers.

Back 96

True

Front 97

Terimial or apical bud

Back 97

Contains minture unelongated shoot

The twig grows in length when the terminal grows

Front 98

Lateral or axillary bud

Back 98

Grows into a side shoot

Present in every leaf axil, and above every leaf scar

Front 99

Back 99

Tough, shingle-like modified leaves covering the bud

Protects the bud blconyentd against damage and desiccation

Front 100

Back 100

Thin scared left behind when the bud scales fall off during the spring

Front 101

Back 101

Scar left behind when a leaf falls off the twig

Front 102

One year growth

Back 102

The length of twig from a terminal bud back to the closet but scar

The lrmght of twig between two sets of bud scale scars

Front 103

Back 103

Within a leaf scar

The end of the vein that had entered the leaf

Front 104

Back 104

Wart like break in the twig surface

Allows gas exchange

Is linear, across the twig in birch

Is a round black dot in buckeye and maple