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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What five features of land plants contributed to the colonisation of land? |
- alternation of generations
- dependent, multicellular embryos - walled spores produced in the sporangia - multicellular gametangia - apical meristems |
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What does alternation of generations mean? |
Fertilisation and meiosis alternate. |
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Define haplodiplontic. |
A lifecycle where both the haploid and diploid stages are multicellular. |
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What is meant by dependent embryos? |
The egg is held onto by the female gametophyte
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What is the significance of multicellular gametangia? |
Gametes are produced by specialised structures like archegonia and antheridia. |
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What is an apical meristem? |
Cells at the growing tip of stems and roots that are able to perpetually divide and produce new daughter cells. |
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Define sporophyte. |
The diploid phase in the plant life cycle, producing spores from which the gametophyte arises. |
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Define gametophyte. |
The haploid phase in the plant life cycle, producing the zygote from which the sporophyte arises. |
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Define embryophyte. |
Type of plant in which the embryo is retained inside the maternal tissue. |
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Define sporangia. |
A receptacle where asexual spores are formed. |
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Define gametangia. |
Specialised organ in which gametes are formed. |
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Define archegonia. |
The female sex organ in mosses, liverworts, ferns, and connifers. |
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Define antheridia. |
The male sex organ in mosses, liverworts, ferns, and connifers. |
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Early land plants probably resembled bryophytes because... |
They produced spores and had no vascular tissue. |
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What are the four groups of vascular plants? |
Lycophytes Monilophytes Angiosperms Gymnosperms |
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Non-vascular plants depend on being wet for... |
Photosynthesis, growth, reproduction. |
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Vascular tissue allows plants to... |
Grow tall. |
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What are the three bryophyte groups? |
Liverworts, hornworts, mosses. |
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What are the five features of vascular plants that allowed them to colonise dry land? |
- sporophyte dominant - transport in xylem and phloem - evolution of roots - evolution of leaves - sporophylls |
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What are the two types of leaves? |
Microphylls and megaphylls. |
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What type of leaf is only produced by lycophytes? |
Microphylls. |
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Define sporophyll. |
Leaf with sporangia attached. |
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What are the seven groups of land plants? |
- mosses - liverworts - hornworts - lycophytes - monilophytes - gymnosperms - angiosperms |
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Define seed. |
An embryo and its food supply surrounded by a seed coat. |
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What are the four unique characteristics about plants with seeds and pollen grains? |
- reduced gametophytes - heterospory - ovules and eggs - pollen |
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What is the significance of reduced gametophytes? |
The gametophyte is entirely dependent on the larger sporophyte and removes the need for free swimming sperm. |
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Define heterospory. |
Having both male and female spores. |
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What do megaspores and microspores evolve into? |
Megaspores: eggs Microspores: sperm |
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Ovule is the term that encompasses which parts? |
The megasporangium, its megaspore, and a coat formed around them. |
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Another name for seed coat. |
Integument. |
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Define pollen grain. |
Male gametophyte surrounded by a pollen wall. |
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Name four factors that make seeds evolutionary advantageous. |
- Dormancy - Stored food - Independence - Long distance dispersal |
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What are the four gymnosperm phyla? |
- cycads - ginkgos - gnetophytes - conifers |
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What are the four angiosperm groups? |
- Basal - Magnoliids - Monocots - Eudicots |
