Pioneers Of Psychology Chapter 4

Front 1

Which two domains of reality did Kant come up with and what did they mean?

Back 1

1. Noumenal world: objects in a "pure" state, independent of human experience
2. Phenomenal world: noumenal world interacts with human mind and it transforms into the inner world

Front 2

What is important about Kant's published work?

Back 2

His general insistence that the mind itself contributes imprtantly to our experience of external reality, in ways that are capable of systematic analysis and description.

Front 3

What are Kant's 4 main characteristics regarding mental phenomena?

Back 3

1. They have no spatial dimension
2. They are too transient to pin down for sustained observation
3. They cannot be experimentally manipulated
4. They can not be mathematically analyzed/described

Front 4

What are two of Helmholtz' main inventions/findings?

Back 4

1. Ophalthalmoscope (eye examination)
2. Measurement of the speed of neural impulses

Front 5

How did Helmholtz define perceptions and sensations?

Back 5

Sensations: raw elements of conscious experience (no learning/experience)
Perceptions: meaningful interpretations given to sensations

Front 6

In what way did Helmholtz not agree with Kant when it came to perception?

Back 6

The origins of many perceptual processes, including those involved in illusions. He gave greater emphasis to the role of experience and learning in perception.

Front 7

What did Helmholtz consider perceptual adaptation to be?

Back 7

How space perception is altered by experience

Front 8

What two important achievements makes Helmholtz a pioneer of psychology?

Back 8

1. He showed how previously thought to be ineffable neurological processes (mental functions) could be subject to laboratory experiments
2. He helped develop scientific concept of the Kantian mind (studies of vision and hearing)

Front 9

What to alternative conceptions of the universe did Fechner create?

Back 9

1. Nachtansicht: (materialist conception) universe is a dead mechanism, life and consciousness are incidental
2. Tagesansicht: consciousess itself is the fundamental characteristic of a "besouled" universe

Front 10

What is one of Weber most important discoveries?

Back 10

The ratio of the difference between to weights is what is perceived not the absolute difference

Front 11

What does Fechner define as absolute threshold?

Back 11

The smallest intensity of stimulus that can be perceived at all

Front 12

What famous formula did Fechner come up with and what can be calculated using this formula?

Back 12

Fechner's law
S= k log P
The relationship between physical and subjective stimulus intensities for many different senses

Front 13

What did Wertheimer consider to be the phi phenomenon?

Back 13

The perception oof continuous motion that occurs when observing a succession of slightly varying still images

Front 14

What is the most comprehensive and systematic remains of the Gestalt viewpoint?

Back 14

Principles of Gestalt Psychology (Koffka)

Front 15

What did Kohler define as a perceptual field?

Back 15

The overall environment in which figure/ground and other Gestalt effects occur

Front 16

What is the psychophysical isomorphism hypothesis?

Back 16

Psychological facts and the underlying events inthe brain resemble each other in all their structural characteristics (they shae the same structural and relational properties)

Front 17

What is Lewin's definition of 'Life Space'?

Back 17

The totality of his or her psychological situation at any given moment. One's physical environment as it is perceived.