Pioneers Of Psychology

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Psychology

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Science that studies the behavior and mental processes of humans

- Follows the Scientific Method

- Birth field of philosophy and physiology

- Psychology DOB - 1879

- Social Science

- Long past but short history

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The ABC's of Humans

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A. Affective - Our feelings (the experience and expression of emotions)

B. Behavior - Our actions (the observable actions of individuals)

C. Cognitive - Our thoughts, ideas etc (Mental processes of acquiring and organizing info and knowledge; thinking, memory, reasoning etc)

*it is important to keep the ABCs in mind whenever we are gathering info from an individual or describing his/her problems

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Wilhelm Wundt

Founder of Structuralism

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- Founded the first Psychological Lab in 1879

- Philosopher and Physiologist at Univ of Leipzig in Germany

- Main Tool - Introspection - Looking within; objective self examination

- Wanted to find out what the mind was made up of

- Basic units of the Mind (Physical Sensations, Affections or feelings, Images(memory/thoughts)

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Structuralism

(William Wundt)

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- Basic Units of the mind; physical sensations, affections or feelings and images (memory/thoughts)

- focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Stresses the basic units of experience and the combinations in which they occur

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Introspection

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- A careful set of observations made under controlled conditions by trained observers using a stringently defined descriptive vocabulary

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Edward B. Tichener

(Structuralism)

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- Wuntd's student

- Popularized structuralism in the US

- Leader of American Psychology after becoming a professor at Cornell

- Established the name Structuralism

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William James

Founder of Functionalism

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- First american born Psychologist

- Taught physiology in Harvard (1872) Psychology (1875)

- Disagreed with Structuralism

- Felt you couldn't stop the mind to figure out how it works (consciousness is a continuous flow)

- Focused on habits (second nature) ie: walking through doors

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Functionalism

(William James)

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- Focused more attention on the functions of the mind and the ways in which it adapts to changing situations and environments

- How you use your senses to function

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John B. Watson

Founder of Behaviorism

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- Disagreed with both Wundt and James

- University of Chicago

- If psychology was to be a science it should only concern itself with observable, measurable behavior

- Stimulus --> Response

- Simply conditioned robots

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Behaviorism

(John B. Watson)

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- Primarily concerned with observable, measurable behavior, as opposed to internal events like thinking and emotion

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Sigmund Freud

Founder of the Psychodynamic Perspective

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- Founded Psychodynamic

- Psydynamic theory focuses on early childhood experiences and the unconscious. Believed that by the age of 5 your personality foundation is set

- University of Vienna

- Considered the father of personality psychology

- What are the forces involved in making up our personality

- Series of stages; oral, falic etc

- Unconscious - what is embedded in our minds but we dont remember

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Psychodynamic Approach Assumptions

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* Our behavior and feelings are powerfully affected by unconscious motives

* Our behavior and feelings as adults (including psychological problems) are rooted in our childhood experiences.

* All behavior has a cause (usually unconscious), even slips of the tongue. Therefore all behavior is determined.

* Personality is made up of three parts (i.e. tripartite): the id, ego and super-ego.

* Behavior is motivated by two instinctual drives: Eros (the sex drive & life instinct) and Thanatos (the aggressive drive & death instinct). Both these drives come from the “id”.

* Parts of the unconscious mind (the id and superego) are in constant conflict with the conscious part of the mind (the ego). This conflict creates anxiety, which could be dealt with by the ego’s use of defense mechanisms.

* Personality is shaped as the drives are modified by different conflicts at different times in childhood (during psychosexual development).

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3 Major blows to a mans ego

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1. Not the center of the universe

2. Darwins theory of evolution

3. You are not in control

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Max Wertheimer

Founder of Gestalt psychology

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- conducted studies on perception along with fellow psychologists Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Kofta

- Graduated summa cum laude with a doctorate degree from the University of Wurzburg.

- Perception - how the mind sees something as a whole

- Phi phenomenon - illusion of perceiving motion

- Gestalt - whole or form

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Gestalt Psychology

(Max Wertheimer)

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- School of psychology that studies how people perceive and experience objects as whole patterns

- tries to understand the laws of our ability to acquire and maintain meaningful perceptions in an apparently chaotic world.

- Gestalt = whole of form

- ie; a sign with lights that seems like its moving

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Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Founders of Humanistic Psychology

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- View individuals as having the capacity for self
direction and self actualization

- Focus on non verbal experience (feelings),
the unity of mind and altered states of
consciousness

- You can be anything you want

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Humanistic Psychology

(Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow)

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- An approach which studies the whole person, and the uniqueness of each individual

- look at human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving

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Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck

Cognitive Psychology

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- Ellis established a form of therapy
known as Rational Emotive Therapy

- Beck developed a specific therapy for depression

- Not the founders of Cognitive psy but contributed significantly

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Cognitive Psychology

(Ulric Neisser - Founder)

(Contributors - A. Ellis and A. Beck)

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- The study of mental processes

- revolves around the notion that if we want to know what makes people tick then we need to understand the internal processes of their mind

- focuses on how humans process information, looking at how we treat information that comes in, and how this treatment leads to responses. Interested in the variables that mediate between stimulus/input and response/output

- Stimulus -> Organism(thinking) -> response

- What makes you think negatively or gets you upset (irrational beliefs)

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Margaret Flow Washburn

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- First woman to receive a doctorate in psychology

- best known for her experimental work in animal behavior and motor theory development

- Harvard refused to grant her, her degree

- Never married and served as a professor at Vassar College for 36 years.

- Skilled researcher and prolific writer

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G. Stanley Hall

Father of Adolesence

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- He attended Harvard University was the first American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology

- Taught at Johns Hopkins University, established the 1st American psychological lab in the US in 1883

- Helped found Clark University in 1888

- 1st pres. of the American Psychological Association (APA)

- Difference between children and adults

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Clinical Psychology

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- Deals with the diagnosis
and treatment of emotional and behavioral
problems

- Office patients

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Developmental psychology

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- Studies how people change physically, cognitively, and socially over the entire lifespan

- Mid life crisis, retirement, etc

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Experimental Psychology

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- Studies all basic psychological processes including perception, learning and motivation

- Does research to advance a field, generates research

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Forensic psychology

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- Focuses on legal issues such as competency and rehabilitation etc

- Rehabilitative, correction setting, police agency, FBI, etc

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Physiological psychology

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- Studies how various organ systems affect behavior

- Influences our senses (ex: when you brake when something is in front of you, etc)

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Industrial/Organizational psychology

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- Studies the psychology of the work place

- Work related (ex: do employees work better with or without music?)

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Sports psychology

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- Applies psychological principles to athletic preparation and performance

- Help with visualization, relaxation

- Also does research

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Functionalism became Physiological Psychology

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Structuralism is no longer used today

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Psychology

DOB: Leipzig, Germany 1879

DOB in US: 1883

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