Pinel Ch 4

Front 1

AXON HILLCOCK

Back 1

THE CONICAL STRUCTURE AT THE JUNCTION BETWEEN THE AXON AND CELL BODY

Front 2

ANTIDROMIC CONDUCTION

Back 2

AXONAL CONDUCTION OPPOSITE TO THE NORMAL DIRECTION; CONDUCTION FROM AXON TERMINALS BACK TOWARDS THE CELL BODY

Front 3

ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE

Back 3

THE ENZYME THAT BREAKS DOWN ACETYLCHOLINE

Front 4

ASPARTATE

Back 4

AN AMINO ACID NT THAT IS A CONSTITUENT OF MANY OF THE PROTEINS THAT WE EAT

Front 5

AMINO ACID NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Back 5

A CLASS OF SMALL MOLECULE NTS INCLUDING GLUTAMATE AND GABA

Front 6

ACETYLCHOLINE

Back 6

NT CREATED BY ADDITION OF AN ACETYL GROUP TO A CHOLINE MOLECULE

Front 7

ANANDAMIDE

Back 7

FIRST ENDOGENOUS ENDOCANNABINOID TO BE DISCOVERED AND CHARACTERIZED

Front 8

AGONISTS

Back 8

DRUG THAT FACILITATE THE EFFECTS OF A PARTICULAR NT

Front 9

ANTAGONISTS

Back 9

DRUGS THAT INHIBIT THE EFFECTS OF A PARTICULAR NT

Front 10

ATROPINE

Back 10

RECEPTOR BLOCKER THAT EXERTS AN ANTAGONISTIC EFFECT AT MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS

Front 11

BOTOX

Back 11

BLOCKS RELEASE OF ACH AT NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS AND IS USED COSMETICALLY TO TREAT WRINKLES

Front 12

COEXISTENCE

Back 12

THE PRESENCE OF MORE THAN ONE NT IN THE SAME NEURON

Front 13

CATECHOLAMINES

Back 13

THE THREE MONOAMINE NT THAT ARE SYNTHESIZED FROM THE AMINO ACID TYROSINE

DOPAMINE, EPINEPHRINE, NOREPINEPHRINE

Front 14

CARBON MONOXIDE

Back 14

SOUBLE-GAS NT

Front 15

DEPOLARIZE

Back 15

TO DECREASE THE RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

Front 16

DENDRITIC SPINES

Back 16

TINY NODULES OF VARIOUS SHAPES THAT ARE LOCATED ON THE SURFACES OF MANY DENDRITES AND AR THE SITES OF MOST EXCITATORY SYNAPSES IN THE MATURE MAMMALIAN BRIAN

Front 17

DIRECTED SYNAPSES

Back 17

SYNAPSES AT WHICH THE SITE OF NT RELEASE AND THE SITE OF NT RECEPTION ARE IN CLOSE PROXIMITY

Front 18

DOPAMINE

Back 18

ONE OF THE THREE CATECHOLAMINE NTS

DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS ARE DAMAGED IN PARKINSONS

Front 19

EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS (ESPS's)

Back 19

GRADED POST-SYNAPTIC DEPOLARIZATIONS, WHICH INCREASE THE LIKELIHOOD THAT AN ACTION POTENTIAL WILL BE GENERATED

Front 20

EPINEPHRINE

Back 20

ONE OF THREE CATECHOLAMINE NTS

Front 21

ENDOCANNABINOIDS

Back 21

A CLASS OF UNCONVENTIONAL NT THAT ARE CHEMICALLY SIMILAR TO THE ACTIVE COMPONENTS OF MARIJUANA

Front 22

ENDOGENOUS

Back 22

NATURALLY OCCURRING IN THE BODY

Front 23

ENKEPHALINS

Back 23

THE FIRST CLASS OF ENDOGENOUS OPIOIDS TO BE DISCOVERED

Front 24

ENDORPHINS

Back 24

A CLASS OF ENDOGENOUS OPIOIDS

Front 25

GRADED RESPONSES

Back 25

RESPONSES WHOSE MAGNITUDE IS INDICATIVE OF THE MAGNITUDE OF THE STIMULI THAT INDUCE THEM

Front 26

GOLGI COMPLEX

Back 26

STRUCTURES IN THE CELL BODIES AND TERMINAL BUTTONS OF NEURONS THAT PACKAGE NT AND OTHER MOLECULES IN VESICLES

Front 27

GAP JUNCTIONS

Back 27

NARROW SPACES BETWEEN ADJACENT NEURONS THAT ARE BRIDGED BY FINE TUBULAR CHANNELS CONTAINING CYTOPLASM, THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICAL SIGNALS AND SMALL MOLECULES CAN PASS READILY

Front 28

GLUTAMATE

Back 28

MOST PREVALENT EXCITATORY NT

EXCESSIVE RELEASE CAUSES MUCH OF THE BRAIN DAMAGE RESULTING FROM CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA

Front 29

GLYCINE

Back 29

AN AMINO ACID NT THAT IS A CONSTITUENT OF MANY OF THE PROTEINS THAT WE EAT

Front 30

GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID

Back 30

GABA

AMINO ACID NT THAT IS SYNTHESIZED FROM GLUTAMATE

MOST PREVALENT INHIBITORY NT IN MAMMALIAN NS

Front 31

HYPERPOLARIZE

Back 31

TO INCREASE RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

Front 32

HYPOTHALAMIC PEPTIDES

Back 32

ONE OF THE FIVE CLASSES OF NEUROPEPTIDE NT

CONSISTS OF THOSE FIRST IDENTIFIED AS HORMONES RELEASED BY HYPOTHALAMUS

Front 33

INHIBITORY POSTSYNPATIC POTENTIALS (ISPS's)

Back 33

GRADED POST-SYNAPTIC HYPERPOLARIZATIONS, WHICH DECREASE THE LIKELIHOOD THAT AN ACTION POTENTIAL WILL BE GENERATED

Front 34

INTEGRATION

Back 34

ADDING OR COMBINING A NUMBER OF INDIVIDUAL SIGNALS INTO ONE OVERALL SIGNAL

Front 35

INDOLAMINES

Back 35

THE CLASS OF MONOAMINE NT THAT ARE SYNTHESIZED FROM TRYPTOPHAN

SEROTONIN IS THE ONLY MEMBER OF THIS CLASS FOUND IN THE MAMMALIAN NS

Front 36

METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS

Back 36

RECEPTORS TAHT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH G PROTEINS AND SIGNAL PROTEINS

Front 37

MONOAMINE NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Back 37

SMALL-MOLECULE NT THAT ARE SYNTHESIZED FROM MONOAMINES AND COMPRISE TWO CLASSES: CATECHOLAMINES AND INDOLAMINES

Front 38

NONDIRECTED SYNAPSES

Back 38

SYNAPSES AT WHICH THE SITE OF NT RELEASE AND THE SITE OF NT RECEPTION ARE NOT CLOSE TOGETHER

Front 39

NEUROPEPTIDES

Back 39

PEPTIDES THAT FUNCTION AS NT
100 HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED

Front 40

NOREPINEPHRINE

Back 40

ONE OF THE THREE CATECHOLAMINE NT

Front 41

NITRIC OXIDE

Back 41

A SOLUBLE-GAS NT

Front 42

OPIOID PEPTIDES

Back 42

ONE OF THE FIVE CLASSES OF NEUROPEPTIDE TRANSMITTERS

CONSISTS OF THOSE WITH A STRUCTURE SIMILAR TO THE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS OF OPIUM

Front 43

ORTHODROMIC CONDUCTION

Back 43

AXONAL CONDUCTION IN THE NORMAL DIRECTION; FROM SOMA TO TERMINAL BUTTONS

Front 44

PITUITARY PEPTIDES

Back 44

ONE OF THE FIVE CLASSES OF NEUROPEPTIDE TRANSMITTERS CONSISTING OF THOSE FIRST IDENTIFIED AS HORMONES RELEASED BY THE PITUITARY

Front 45

PERIQUEDEUCTRAL GRAY (PAG)

Back 45

THE GRAP MATTER AROUND THE CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT, WHICH CONTAINS OPIATE RECEPTORS AND ACTIVATES A DESCENDING ANALGESIA CIRCUIT

Front 46

RECEPTOR SUBTYPES

Back 46

THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF RECEPTORS TO WHICH A PARTICULAR NT CAN BIND

Front 47

SEROTONIN

Back 47

AN INDOLAMINE NT

Front 48

SOLUBLE-GAS NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Back 48

CLASS OF UNCONVENTIONAL NT INCLUDING NITRIC OXIDE AND CARBON MONOXIDE

Front 49

THRESHOLD OF EXCITATION

Back 49

LEVEL OF DEPOLARIZATION NECESSARY TO GENERATE AN ACTION POTENTIAL

-65 MV

Front 50

BRAIN-GUT PEPTIDES

Back 50

ONE OF THE FIVE CLASSES OF NEUROPEPTIDE TRANSMITTERS

CONSISTS OF THOSE FIRST DISCOVERED IN THE GUT

Front 51

MISCELLANEOUS PEPTIDES

Back 51

ONE OF THE FIVE CLASSES OF NEUROPEPTIDE TRANSMITTERS

CONSISTING OF THOSE THAT DON'T FIT INTO OTHER CLASSES