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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where do terpenoids get their name from?
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Turpentine- first isolated in Pine oleoresin (resin and oils).
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What role do volatile oils have in plants?
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In plants, they are to help attract pollinators, defend green tissues from predation and protect against microbial infection.
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Picture 1-
What kind of terpene is this? How do you know that? |
Monoterpene, There are 10 carbon atoms.
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How many monoterpenes are thought to exist?
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About 600.
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Monoterpenes usually occur as pairs in plants, what is this called?
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Stereoisomers or enantiomers.
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Do stereoisomers or enantiomers have the same actions?
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No, they can be very different from one another.
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Monoterpenes can be classified as acyclic, monocyclic and bicyclic. What does this mean?
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They have no ring, one ring, or two rings.
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What 2 ways can these compounds be taken into the body?
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Through olfactory (smell) and through the skin.
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Picture 2-
Is this compound acyclic or monocyclic? |
Neither - it is bicyclic.
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What plants can you find thujone (picture 3) in?
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Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) and other Artemisia spp., White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis), Tansy (Tanacetum parthenium), Sage (Salvia officinalis), and Yarrow (Achillea millefolium).
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What activities does it have within the plant?
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Insecticidal
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What about in a person?
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Antimicrobial, anthelmintic, and insecticidal properties. It can cause convulsions in high doses.
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Many monoterpenes can be classified as antiseptic monoterpenes. They are said to be phytoalexins. What does this mean?
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To ward off bacterial, fungal, or viral infection of the plant.
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What are the more powerful compounds of this group?
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Thymol. Found in Bee Balm and Thyme.
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What compound can you find in the white pith of orange peels?
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Limonene.
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What actions does this have within the body?
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Destroy human cancer cells (eg. breast, prostrate, lung, colon, and pancreas) in-vitro and dissolve cholesterol-containing gallstones, to reduce gastric hyperacidity in GERD, and to support intestinal peristalsis.
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What plant contains the compound Nepetalactone?
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Catnip (Nepeta cataria)
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What kind of compound is this? (picture 4)
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Monoterpene lactone
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What is the monoterpene lactone Nepetalactone used for in both plants and people?
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Defense/repellant against insects (especially mosquitos)
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What does Sesquiterpene mean?
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15 carbons (or 1.5 10carbon atom compounds)
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Where can you find sesquiterpenes in the natural world?
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Bryophytes (mosses, etc.), fungi, microorganisms, and some marine animals and insects.
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What are some of their actions within plants?
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Allelopathic (prevent growth of other plants), pheromones (attractants), phytoalexins (defense chemicals) or allomones (used against other insects or fungus - but can be used by the other)
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What actions do Sesquiterpenes have in the body?
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Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, antipyretic, and relaxing effects.
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What actions do sesquiterpenes have on the body?
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Anti-inflm, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, antipyretic, and relaxing effects.
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What are some plants that contain sesquiterpenes?
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Yarrow (Achillea Millefolium), Wormwood (Artemisia Absinthum), Chamomile (Matricaria Recutita).
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Hairs (trichomes) of members of the Asteraceae family exude what kind of chemicals?
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Sesquiterpene Lactones
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What actions do Sesquiterpene Lactones (chemicals from trichomes) have on the body?
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Antibacterial, antiparasitic, anti-inflm, anticancer, antispasmodic properties, digestive stimulants (increase bile).
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Artemisinin (a sesquiterpene lactone) is found in what plant?
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Mugwort (Artemisia Vulgaris)
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What is Artemisinin used for in the body?
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Malaria fevers (incl.mx resistant), anticancer.
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What is a potential downside to sesquiterpene lactone?
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Allergy or sensitivity.
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How should you be cautious about sesquiterpene use?
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Caution if: people have an allergy to Asteraceae family, may be transferable so avoid.
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What are essential oils compromised of?
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Mostly monoterpenes & sesquiterpenes. Also some other small volatile compounds.
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What is an Oleoresin?
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A mixture of essential oils and resins.
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What kind of compound is this? (Picture 4.5)
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Diterpene
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What is a physical difference between Diterpenes and mono/sesquiterpenes?
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Diterpenes are usually crystalline solids.
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What kind of terpene is this? (Pic 5)
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Diterpene
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Where do you find Phytol?
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Phytol is universal in higher plants. Associated with Chlorophyll.
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What action does Phytol have on the body?
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The preparation of Vitamin E & K.
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Is this structure (pic 6) acyclic, bicyclic, or tetracyclic?
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Tetracyclic.
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What does macrocyclic mean?
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Large ring structure.
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What are grayanotoxins?
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Highly toxic Diterpenes.
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What plants do grayanotoxins exist in?
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Found in wild and cultivated species of Ericaceae (incl. Rhododendron & Kalmia/mountian laurels).
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What is the pharmacological action of grayanotoxins in the body?
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Sodium channel toxins, have been known to kill livestock & humans.
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What kind of compound is this? (Pic 7)
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Triterpene/Saponin.
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What is triterpene/saponin attached to?
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Sugar molecules.
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Is triterpene/saponin water soluble?
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As a saponin, yes.
As the aglycone, no. --> only oil/alcohol soluble. |
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What plant does Cimicifugoside come from?
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Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga Racemosa).
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What actions does Cimicifugoside have on the body?
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Modulates luteinizing hormone activity, distinct antiestrogenic, pro-apoptic effect on breast cancer cells, menopausal hormone balancing, & hot flush mitigating.
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Saponins are sugars bound to what molecules?
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A steroid or triterpenoid.
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Due to the polar nature of saponins, what characteristic do they have?
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They are soapy as they reduce surface tension.
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How are the sugar molecules attached to the Sapogenin?
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Branched or linear.
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What is the maximum number of sugars?
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11.
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What is it called when the saponin has only 1 sugar chain?
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Monodesmosidic.
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What is it called when the saponin only has 2 sugar chains?
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Bidesmosidic.
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Saponin name with 3 sugar chains?
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Tridesmosidic.
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What is the most common number of sugar chains with saponin & their names.
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Mono & Bi desmosidic.
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How would you classify this compound? (Pic 8)
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Triterpenoid Saponin - Tridesmosidic (3 sugar chains).
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What plants/foods can you find these compounds in?
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Food plants: soybeans, chickpeas, peanuts, mung beans, broad beans, kidney beans, lentils, garden peas, spinach, oats, eggplant, asparagus, fenugreek, garlic, sugar beets, potatoes, green peppers, tomatoes, onions, tea, cassava, yams.
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In what parts of plants are Saponins most commonly found?
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All parts. Concentration in roots, foliage, or seeds.
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What is the role of Saponins in plants?
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Protect against fungal attack.
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What are the bidesmosidic (of saponin???) actions?
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Information transport.
Also, enzymes break the sugar bond to make them monodesmosidic & they become active. |
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What are the three properties of Saponins?
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Bitter taste, haemolytic activity, ability to form stable foams when shaken in water.
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Actions of saponins in people?
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Adaptogenic, alterative/tonic anthelmintic, antifungal, anti-inflm, antimicrobial, antiulcergenic, capillary-strengthening, cholesterol lowering, Diuretic, expectorant, hemolytic, hepatoprotective, hormone modulating, immunomodulating, molluscicidal, piscicidal, spermicidal, & contraceptive.
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What plant does glycyrrhizin come from?
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Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra/uralensis)
Gan cao. |
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What action does licorice have on the body?
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Anti-ulcerogenic & expectorant.
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How is the action of licorice (anti-ulcerogenic & expectorant) thought to happen?
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By irritating the mucous membrane. Not quite clear.
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What plant can you find Aescin in?
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Horsechestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum).
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What actions does aescin have on the body?
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haemolytic activity, anti-inflm, antiexudative, inhibits fungal growth, anti cancer.
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FYI: Aescin acts synergistically with the coumarins in horsechestnut to treat what?
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venous and lymphatic vessel insufficiency.
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Why are saponins considered to be molluscicidal and piscicidal?
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Because of the binding of the saponin to the gill membrane, which increases their permeability and subsequent loss of electrolytes.
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What types of saponins have the strongest anti-fungal properties?
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Monodesmosidic.
The best have more than 4 sugars in their chain. |
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What plant gave us the first natural source of steroidal saponins?
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Foxglove (Digitalis Purpurea).
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What plant families contain Steroidal Saponins?
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Agaveceae, Dioscoreaceae, Liliaceae, & Scrophulariaceae.
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In what plants do we find the ginesenosides?
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Panax ginseng, panax quinquefolius.
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How many compounds make up the ginesenosides group?
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30.
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What actions do ginesenosides have on the body?
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Adaptogenic, tonic effects; enhance energy, stamina, & concentration. Restoratives for use during convalescence. Activity against radiation toxicity, neuroprotective effects on PNS & CNS.
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What is the name given to the saponins found in Pokeroot?
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Phytolaccosides or Phytolaccatoxins.
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What is the main actions of Phytolaccosides/phytolaccatoxins?
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Anti-inflm & cancer.
(esp. cervical) |
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What part of the plant are phytolaccosides most abundant in?
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Roots & leaves.
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What is this chemical structure called? (pic 9)
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Tetraterpene.
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What is another name for Tetraterpene group?
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Carotenoids.
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Are tetraterpenes water soluble or alcohol/oil soluble?
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Alcohol/oil.
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What pigments to tetraterpene compounds have?
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Red, orange, & yellow.
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What activity do tetraterpenes have in the body?
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Accumulate in tissues (adrenals, testes, ovaries).
Antioxidant protection for fat, & for pigments in the retina. Contribute to cellular growth & regulation. Necessary for proper immune function. |
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What actions do carotenoids have within plants?
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Mostly: supply accessory pigments during photosynthesis.
Secondly: provide colour for flowers/fruit. |
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You can find B-carotene in what plants?
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Almost all green leaves of higher plants (also in lower plants).
Ferns, mosses, algae, fungi & bacteria. Common: Carrots, sweet potatoe, oats, red pepper, rose hips. |
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What activity does B-Carotene have in a person?
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Vitamin A precursor.
Immunoprotection & Cardioprotection. |
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Why is it important to take B-carotene with other antioxidants rather than solo?
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Can be damaged into a pro-oxidant that causes damage to healthy cells.
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