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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do Cardiac glycosides work?
Short Answer |
Found in Angiosperms & Toads
Biogenetic pre curser of plant steroids Treat cardiac insufficiency Increase intracellular Ca2 concentration = Increases cardiac output Increases force and speed of heart contractions |
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Cardiac glycosides antagonize?
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Potassium
Supplementation sometimes needed - Taraxacum folia |
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Name 2 cardiac glycosides?
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Digoxin
Convallotoxin |
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Cardiac glycoside Digoxin is found in?
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Digitalis Purpurea
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Cardiac glycoside Convallotoxin found in?
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Convallaria Majus
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Cardiac glycosides are indicated for?
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Cardiac insufficiency with low output and atrial fibrillation.
Supraventricular rhythm abnormalities - Slows down or decreases atrial fibrillation or flutter |
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Alkaloids are restricted drugs T/F
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T
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The restricted drugs with alkaloids?
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Cocaine
Codeine Morphine Ephedrine Ergotamine |
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What is the action of the restricted drug Cocaine that contains an alkaloid?
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Local anaesthetic
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What is the toxicity of the alkaloid containing drug Cocaine?
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Damages mucosa
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The restricted drug codeine contains alkaloids and has what action?
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Analgesic
Narcotic antispasmodic Anti tussive |
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What is the toxicity issue with codeine?
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Constipation
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Morphine contains alkaloids and has what actions?
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Analgesic
Narcotic Antispasmodic |
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The restricted drug Ephedrine contains alkaloids and has what actions?
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Bronchodilator
Decongestant Sympathetic mimetic |
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What is the toxicity of Morphine?
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Hallucinogen
consitpation Toxic hypnotic |
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Toxicity of Ephedrine
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Tachcardia
Shaking |
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Ergotamine contains?
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Alkaloids
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What are the actions of Ergotamine?
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Vasoconstrictor
Migaines |
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What is the toxicity of Ergotamine?
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Gangrege
Tetratogenic |
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What are terpenes?
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Hydrocarbons
Plant & animals From Isoprene Various types Named based on number os isoprene unit in molecule |
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How many isoprenes in a Monoterpene?
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2 Isoprenes in a Monoterpene
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How many classes in a Monoterpene?
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2 classes of Monoterpenes
Regular & irregular |
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How are Monoterpenes extracted?
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Steam distillation
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How many Isoprene units in Diterpene?
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4
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How many Isoprene units in Tetraterpene?
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8
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Regular Monoterpenes are common in?
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Essential oils
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Irregular Monoterpenes are found in?
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Pyrethrins
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Iridoids are found?
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Cyclized in iridoids
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Iridoid found in Gentian Lutea?
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Gentiopicrisides
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Action of the iridoid glycoside -Gentiopicrisides found in Gentian Lutea?
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Bitter stimulant
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What is the Iridoid glycoside found in Picrorrhiza Kurroa?
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Pikrosides
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What is the action of the Iridoid glycoside - Pikroside, found in Picrorrhiza Kurroa?
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Immune stimulant
Hepato Protective |
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What is the Iridoid glycoside found in Valeriana spp?
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Valtrate
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What is the action of the iridoid glycoside - Valtrate, found in Valeriana spp?
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Hypnotic
Sedative |
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What is the Iridoid glycoside found in Verbene off?
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Verbenalin
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What is the action of the iridoid glycoside - Verbenalin, found in Vernene off?
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Hypnotic & Sedative
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What is the iridoid glycoside found in Olea Europaea?
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Oleuropein
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What is the action of the Iridoid glycoside - Oleuropein, found in Olea Europaea?
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Hypotensive
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Name 5 terpenes?
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Alantolactone
Helenalin Artemisinin Forskolin Ginkgolides |
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Name 2 terpenoids?
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Sesquiterpene
Diterpene |
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Name the Terpenoid & Terpene in Inula helenium?
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Terpenoid - Sesquiterpene
Terpene - Alantolactone |
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What is the function of Sesquiterpene and Alantolactone found in Inula helenium?
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Anti fungal
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Arnica Montana contains what terpenoids and terpenes?
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Terpenoid - Sesquiterpene
Terpene - Helenalin |
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What are the actions of Sesquiterpenes & Helenalin in Arnica Montana?
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Anti Hemorrhagic
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What is the Terpenoid in Artemisia?
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Sesquiterpene
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What is the action of Sesquiterpene found in Artemisia?
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Anti malaria
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What is the the type of terpene found in Coleus forskholii?
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Diterpene
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What is the type of Terpenoid found in Gingko biloba?
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Diterpene
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What is the Terpene found in Coleus forsholii?
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Forskolin
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What is the Terpene found in Gingko biloba?
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Ginkgolides
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What is the action of Forskolin found in Coleus forsholii?
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Inotropic
Hypotensive |
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What is the action of the ginkgolides found in Gingko biloba?
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Antioxidant
Inhibit PAF |
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What Iridoid is in Harpogophytum procumbens (Devils claw)?
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Harpagosides
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What esther is found in Lavendula officinalis
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Linalool acetate
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What is the action of Linaloo acetate found in Lavendula officinalis?
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Sedative & antispasmodic
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Why don’t we use distilled mustard oil?
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Vesicant
Causes blistering |
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Where would you find caffeine?
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Camellia Sinensis
Coffea Spp |
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What is Tubucurarine?
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It is an alkaloid found in Curuare
Anaesthetic |
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Give an example of a Glucosinolate
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Tropaeolum Majus
When hydrolises it release Benzyl Isothiocyanates |
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What forms a lather when wet
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Saponins
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What is a Mydriatic
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Pupil dilator
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Which constituents attract pollinators & seed dispersors?
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Linalool & limonene
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Which constituents attract predators?
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Cyclic monoterpenes
Phenolics Acyclic mono & sesquiterpenes |
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An example of a Mydratic plant?
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Atropa belladonna - Contains Atropine
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Explain cyanogenic glycoside toxicity?
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Hydrolyses into benzyalehyde
Interrupts electron transport chain Decreases cellular 02 use Cellular hypoxia |
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What might ketones cause in epilepsy?
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Neurotoxicity
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How many Isoprene units in a Monoterpene?
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2 Isoprene Units
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How many Isoprene units in Diterpene?
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4 Isoprene units
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How many Isoprene units in a Tetraterpene?
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6 Isoprene units
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What does sandalwood contain?
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Sesquiterpenols
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What are the actions of Sesquiterpenols?
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Antiinflammatory
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What is the action of Methyl Salicylates?
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Antispasmodic
Muscle pain reliever |
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What type of alkaloid is Caffeine?
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Xanthene alkaloid
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Why are saponins an issue for cold-blooded animals?
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Haemolytic
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What does saponin toxicity cause?
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Nausea
Vomiting |
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Where would you find Pulegone?
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Pennyroyal (menthe Pulegium)
May cause miscarriage |
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What is Papaverine?
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Opium alkaloid
Antitussive |
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Name a restricted alkaloid for internal use?
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Symphytum Off
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What is the standard quality control for Melaleuca Alterifolia
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< 15% 1-8 Cineole
> 30% terpinene Antiseptic & Antimicrobial |
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Cautions with Cardiac glycosides?
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Calcium supplementation
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What plant family is Hyosamine?
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Solenaceae
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Definition of volatile oils?
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Terpenoids
Esters Lactones Phenols Ethers |
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What is the dose for alkaloids?
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Small
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What are the 2 groups of Cardic glycosides
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1. Cardenolides
2. Bufadenolides |
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Where would you find Cardenolides?
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Orthodox drugs
1. Digitalis 2. Nerium Oleander 3. Convallaria majalis 4. Strophanthus |
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Where would you find Bufadenolides?
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Parotid glands of Toads
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Plant drug examples of cardiac glycosides?
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Digitalis
Convallaria majalis Nerium oleander Urginea martima |
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Digitalis
Family Group cardiac glycoside |
Family - Scrophulariaceae
Group - Cardenolides Cardiac glycoside - digitoxin |
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Convallaria majalis
Family Group Cardiac glycoside |
Family - Liliaceae
Group - Cardenolides Cardiac glycoside - Convallatoxin |
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Nerium oleander
Family Group cardiac glycoside |
Family - Apocynaceae
Group - Cardenolide Cardac glycoside - Oleandrin |
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Urginea martima
Family Group Cardiac glycoside |
Family - Liliaceae
Group - Bufadenolide Cardiac glycoside - Scillarenis |
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What is the toxicity of cardiac glycosides?
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• Interrupt electron transport chain
• Decrease cellular O2 • Hypoxia |
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What are the symptoms of cardiac glycoside toxicity?
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• Headaches
• Dizziness • Increase respirtory rate • Coma |
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Drug interactions with Cardiac glycosides
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Calcium
Slippery elm takes 2 hrs aprt Bulk laxatives |
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Why will calcium interact with Cardiac glycosides?
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↑ Ca
↑ Cardiac muscle excitability ↑ Effect of drug ↑ The risk of tachycardia |
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Caffeine is metabolised into 3 ?
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Theobromine
Paraxanthine Theophylline |
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What is the action of Theophylline?
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Bronchodilator
Can be used in asthma |
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What is the toxic effect of Pyrrolizidine alkaloids?
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Veno-occlusve disease of the liver
Terpenoid → Hydrocarbons |
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Terpenoid →
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Hydrocarbons
Anything with a functional group |
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What is Pulegone?
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ketone in Mentha Pulegium (penny royal)
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What is Thujone?
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The ketone in → Artemesia
→ Thuja |
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What happens with high doses of Myristica Fragrans (nutmeg)
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Hallucinogenic
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What are Ginsenosides?
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Steroid Glycosides
Found in Ginseng |
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What are Triterpenoid saponins?
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4 / 5 ring config
Found in Ginseng Stimulate glucose transport |
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Contraceptive Pill?
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Plant steroid saponins are used to synthesize steroid hormones
Saponin is from Dioscorea Mexicana It is converted into Diosgenin |
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What is the action of Aesculus Hippocastanum (Horse chestnut)
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Tightens blood vessels
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What is contained in Aesculus Hippocastanum?
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Alkaloid Saponins
Glucosides |
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What is the family name for Aescuus Hippocastanum?
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Sapindaceae
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What is the saponin is Aesculus Hippocastanum?
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Aescin
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What are the actions of resins?
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Anti-inflammatory
Anti-bacterial |
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Name some resins?
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Calendula
Propolis Myrrh |
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What is the flavour of iridoids
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Bitter
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How will too many saponins make you feel?
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Sick
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Why are saponins toxic to cold-blooded animals
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Haemolytic
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Why should we schedule alkaloids?
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• Toxic
• Addictive • Easy to overdose • Low TI |
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Name 5 monoterpenes with essential oil?
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Geraniol
Menthol Citral Limonene Linalool |
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What is the most important constituent in chinese prescriptions?
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Paeoniflorin
Found in Peony |
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Actions of Peonia?
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Anti inflammatory
Inhibits platelet aggregation Antispasmodic Analgesic |
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Pyrethrins are what type of monoterpene?
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Irregular monoterpene
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