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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does the amount of something in your body increase or decrease? |
The body increases and decreases the amount of something by intake of foods: glucose, carbohydrates, vitamins, proteins, etc., the intake of air: O2; out take of CO2, breaking down particles into smaller molecules through catabolism; building up a particle from smaller particles through anabolism, and out take of biomolecules through excretion. |
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How does Negative feedback work? |
A effector makes a product and a signal senses how much there is of that product. This amount is then processed in an integrating center (nervous system) and is compared to the set point. The error signal is then sent back to the effector to change its rate of production so that equilibrium can be reached. |
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What is an example of a negative feedback? |
An ice maker makes ice. There is a signal that says how much ice is produced. if there is too low of ice in the bin then the ice maker will make more to get levels back to normal. if there is too much ice then the signal tells it to stop make ice. |
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How does positive feedback work. |
The increase in production of an item signals another item to produce more. The production of this particular item then in turn increases the starting item. |
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What is an example of a positive feedback? |
Often called the snowball effect. A snowball gains momentum by rolling down the hill gathering more snow. The gathering of snow increases the momentum of the ball which in turn adds more snow. |
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What kinds of molecules are there in your body? |
carbohydrates, lipids (fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids), proteins, nucleic acids. |
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How do the various types of bonds differ? |
Ionic bonding is a charged unshared bonding of an electron and a proton.
nonpolar molecules are shared electrons that are equally distributed. (covalent bonding)
Polar molecules are shared electrons that are NOT equally distributed. There is no net charge but charge separation.
Amphipathic molecules have one end that is polar and one end that is non polar. |
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Which elements are involved in hydrogen bonding |
Hydrogen bonding is the sharing of electrons between a H atom and either an O, F, or N atom |
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What kind of molecule is water. |
Water is a polar molecule |
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What are the different compartments of the body that contain water? |
Intracellular fluid: (inside cells)= about 2/3 of total body water.
Intercellular fluid (extracellular): 80% of extracellular fluid is between cells
Plasma: 20 % of extracellular fluid |
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What makes a molecule a carbohydrate?
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A carbohydrate is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. They are polar molecules so they readily dissolve in water. |
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What makes up a lipid? |
A lipid is made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms with the occasional oxygen atom or phosphates. Lipids are non polar and do not dissolve in water. |
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What makes up a protein? |
Proteins are polymers of 50 or more amino acids. They contain a central carbon, an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and a residual (R) group. |
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What makes up a nucleic acid? |
Nucleotides, which contain a five carbon carbohydrate group, a nitrogenous base, and one or more phosphate groups make up nucleic acids. |
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What is a monosacharide? |
Monosaccharides are simple sugars, composed of a single unit. EX: glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and, deoxyribose. |
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What is a disaccharide? |
Carbohydrates formed by the covalent bonding of two monosaccharides. EX: Sucrose (glucose +fructose), Lactose (glucose +galactose) |
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What is a polysaccharide? |
carbohydrates formed by the covalent bonding of several monosaccharides. EX: Glycogen (glucose+glucose), starch, cellulose |
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What is a fatty acid? |
long chains of carbon atoms with a carboxyl group (-COOH) |
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What is a triglyceride? |
three fatty acids linked by a carbon atom to a glycerol backbone |
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What is a saturated fat? |
contains carbons linked ONLY by single bonds |
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What is an unsaturated fat? |
contains carbons linked by at least one double bond. |
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What is a phospholipid? |
A lipid that contains two fatty acids and has a phosphate group attached to the third carbon of the glycerol. |
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What is a steroid? |
A steroid is a lipid that contains three 6-carbon rings and one 5-carbon ring. |
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What is an amino acid? |
An amino acid consists of a central carbon, and amino acid, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and a residual group. |
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What is a peptide? |
A peptide is more than one amino acid linked together by a peptide bond.
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What is dehydration synthesis? |
involves the joining together of two molecules to make a larger one with a byproduct of water EX: formation of a triglyceride |
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What is hydrolysis? |
Water reacts with molecules to break the bond and produce two new molecules. EX: |
